沈阳市环境空气质量统计预报应用及效果评估

基于沈阳市统计预报中逐步回归及简易逐步回归模型,利用2017年环境空气主要污染物自动监测实况数据,采用相关系数、标准化平均偏差等指标检验2种模型的预报效果。结果显示:逐步回归及简易逐步回归模式均能够较好的表征污染变化趋势,2种预报模式预报对AQI均表现出春夏季优于秋冬季特点。逐步回归、简易逐步回归模式24 h预报效果优于48和72 h。其中简易逐步回归模式24 h级别准确率达到67%。     

城市污泥堆肥用作草坪基质研究进展

针对城市污泥堆肥特点,阐述了国内外城市污泥堆肥用作草坪基质的研究现状。总结了污泥堆肥用于草坪生产存在的问题,并认为研究重点应放在污泥堆肥混合基质的组成、水肥管理技术、草种的筛选、规范堆肥生产和草坪质量综合评价标准及可能存在的环境问题等方面。另外,需要加大高新技术的投入促进产业化,以便为污泥堆肥用作草坪基质提供确实的理论指导和技术支持。     

Location set covering for waste resource recycling centers in Taiwan

The efficiency of Taiwan's waste management and resource recycling systems has been well recognized in recent years, but the present model used to locate recycling centers and to assign collection depots to those centers continues to show low efficiency. To address this issue, the study herein suggests implementing a new location-planning and assignment model to reduce the number of existing recycling centers. Such a reduction would reduce the use of land resources. Moreover, the total transportation distance would decrease through the efficient assignment of collection depots to recycling centers. On the basis of results from previous studies, this study proposes a 2-stage location set covering problem-P-median integrated model that obtains exact solutions using heuristic algorithms on the basis of set operations. The results of numerical analyses show that the model introduced in this study is effective in solving the problems stated above as well as in improving the layout of Taiwan's existing recycling centers.     

国内外环境管制问题研究综述

环境领域越来越多的管制法规引发了人们的极大关注,众多学者从不同角度研究了这些管制措施对经济社会以及世界经济和贸易的影响.系统回顾和梳理了国内外学者围绕环境管制与企业竞争力、国际贸易和国际投资、企业环境战略等方面的研究成果,以期为国内学者提供一些研究思路.     

太湖湖滨带春季悬浮物沉降特征与水体营养盐响应

为研究湖滨带悬浮物沉降过程中水体营养盐时空分布状况,在太湖西岸湖滨带典型区域进行原位沉降实验,计算了沉降量和沉降通量,并对沉降过程中TP、TN、NH+4-N、NO-3-N测定分析.结果表明,太湖西岸湖滨带沉降通量表现为人工芦苇区近岸无植被区自然芦苇区远岸无植被区,平均沉降通量分别为(1 383.40±925.60)、(1 208.67±743.50)、(278.72±142.53)、(245.58±154.25)g·(m2·d)-1,沉降第6 d以后沉降量稳定上升,沉降速率大于分解速率;经过持续15 d野外沉降实验观测,沉降过程中近岸带的TP含量是远岸带的2~3倍,且沉积物捕获器内NH+4-N和NO-3-N含量出现显著的差异(P0.01);沉降量与水体TN和NH+4-N含量呈显著相关(P0.01,n=42),表明沉降量的增加会导致上覆水体TN与NH+4-N含量增加;TN与NH+4-N相关系数为0.84,显示沉降量的增加可能加速氮素不同形态间相互转化,这一现象在当前太湖湖泛治理中应当予以重视.     

佛山水道及其支涌复氧试验研究

对几种曝气方式的溶解氧提升情况、充氧动力效率,及COD、氨氮的去除率进行了简单比较,得出微孔雾化曝气和橡胶坝曝气是适合佛山水道及其支涌河流人工复氧的最佳方法.     

DBD结构对船用LNG发动机尾气CH4氧化脱除的影响

为提高等离子体氧化CH₄的脱除效率,同时避免放电过程中副产物NO_x的生成,在模拟天然气 (LNG) 发动机排气中,研究了介质阻挡放电 (DBD) 反应器电极结构参数对CH₄脱除效率、CO₂选择性及NO_x生成的影响及其机理。结果表明：增大电极直径使得气隙中折合场强E/N提高,增加了·O和·OH自由基的生成,促进了CH₄的氧化,提高了CO₂选择性;内电极直径的增大使E/N在气隙中分布更加集中,抑制了N₂(X, v)和N自由基的生成,减少了副反应的发生。与圆杆电极相比,螺纹电极的螺牙顶部附近具有过高的电场强度,从而促进N自由基的生成并抑制·O自由基的产生,故圆杆电极比螺纹电极具有更高的CH₄脱除效率及更低的NO_x生成。电极长度过长降低了折合场强以及电子平均能量,不利于氧化性活性粒子生成,导致CH₄脱除效率和CO₂选择性降低,同时增加了N₂(X,v) ,也使得NO_x增加。本研究可为提高低温等离子体协同催化剂促进甲烷还原NO_x系统的脱除效率,降低DBD反应器能耗提高能源利用率提供参考。     

Biodegradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in the presence of primary substrate by immobilized pure culture bacteria

In this study, pure strains that are capable of utilizing 2,4,6-trichlorophenol have been isolated from the mixed culture grown on substrates containing chlorophenolic compounds. Studies have been carried out on the capability of these isolated pure strains in suspended and immobilized forms to decompose 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. Additionally, the influence of primary substrates (e.g., phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol) on the decomposition of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by the isolated pure strains grown in immobilized form is also investigated. The results are: Through bacterial isolation and identification, three pure strains have been obtained: Pseudomonas spp. strain 01, Pseudomonas spp. strain 02 and Agrobacterium spp. Whether in suspended or immobilized forms, all strains have poor removal efficiencies of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. However, addition of 200 mg/l phenol will enable the immobilized Pseudomonas spp. strain 01, and Pseudomonas spp. strain 02 to achieve 65% and 48% removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, respectively. Addition of phenol will assist the immobilized Pseudomonas spp. strain 02 in achieving removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol but the removal efficiency is not good if the phenol concentration is too low. The optimum phenol concentration should be between 200 and 400 mg/l.     

The effects and the toxicity increases caused by bicarbonate,chloride, and other water components during the UV/TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> degradation of oxazaphosphorine drugs

The influences of HCO₃ ^?, Cl^?, and other components on the UV/TiO₂ degradation of the antineoplastic agents ifosfamide (IFO) and cyclophosphamide (CP) were studied in this work. The results indicated that the presence of HCO₃ ^?, Cl^?, NO₃ ^?, and SO₄ ^2? in water bodies resulted in lower degradation efficiencies. The half-lives of IFO and CP were 1.2 and 1.1 min and increased 2.3–7.3 and 3.2–6.3 times, respectively, in the presence of the four anions (initial compound concentration = 100 μg/L, TiO₂ loading =100 mg/L, anion concentration = 1000 mg/L, and pH = 8). Although the presence of HCO₃ ^? in the UV/TiO₂/HCO₃ ^? system resulted in a lower degradation rate and less byproduct formation for IFO and CP, two newly identified byproducts, P11 (M.W. = 197) and P12 (M.W. = 101), were formed and detected, suggesting that additional pathways occurred during the reaction of ?CO₃ ^? in the system. The results also showed that ?CO₃ ^? likely induces a preferred ketonization pathway. Besides the inorganic anions HCO₃ ^?, Cl^?, NO₃ ^?, and SO₄ ^2?, the existence of dissolved organic matter in the water has a significant effect and inhibits CP degradation. Toxicity tests showed that higher toxicity occurred in the presence of HCO₃ ^? or Cl^? during UV/TiO₂ treatment and within 6 h of reaction time, implying that the effects of these two anions should not be ignored when photocatalytic treatment is applied to treat real wastewater.     

综合安全评价(FSA)方法

为提高国际海运安全管理的决策水平,国际海事组织(IMO)接受并倡导由英国海运界提出的综合安全评价(FSA)方法,笔者对FSA方法作了本质性分析和应用性研究。阐述了FSA的由来,5个组成步骤及相互关系和流程,揭示了FSA与风险管理和安全系统工程的渊源;介绍了危险识别的7种工具;对步骤二“风险评估”重点引入了半定量分析方法和定量分析方法,并用集合论观点讨论了事故频率和后果严重度的计算方法;介绍了风险控制方案的“成本与效益评估”的数学模型;归纳了FSA方法的优缺点。指出FSA是一种集风险评价和成本/效益评估于一体,兼顾技术性与经济性,可广泛兼容具体评价方法和普遍适用各类风险评价的框架性方法,但具体应用需要有效整合适用的定性和定量方法。