基于ENVISAT-ASAR数据的洪涝水体空间分布信息提取

分析了表面粗糙度、几何角度和极化方式对水体等地物在雷达图像上成像特点的影响因素以及纹理特征对水体提取的作用,分别对基于单波段数据的域值法、基于双极化数据的最大似然分类法和基于双极化数据和纹理信息的最大似然分类法从ENVISAT-ASAR数据提取洪涝水体信息的方法进行了分析与探讨.试验结果表明:域值法提取水体,存在很多诸如山体阴影等易与水体混淆的误提取问题;利用双极化数据并加入纹理信息参与水体信息提取,在一定程度上可以改善这种误提取现象,提高水体提取精度.纹理的选择方法要与当地的水体与山体阴影走向、形态等结合,这个试验过程是费时的.     

利用遥感手段监测草场退化

利用遥感手段监测草场地上生物量的变化,对防止草场退化,保护生态环境具有重要的意义.利用TM数据建立了青海省达日县1986年和2000年的土地利用现状图形库和属性库,统计出了该县的各种土地覆盖类型面积值.研究结果表明,14年来,达日县草地面积减少了830 hm<'2>,草场退化形势严峻.研究同时表明,利用遥感数据监测草原具有其它手段不可比拟的优势.     

Relationship between air pollution and daily mortality in a subtropical city: Taipei, Taiwan

Air pollution has been associated with daily mortality in numerous studies over the past decade. However most of these studies were conducted in the United States and Europe with relatively few done in Asia. In the current study, the association between ambient air pollution and daily mortality in Taipei, Taiwan's largest city which has a subtropical climate was undertaken, for the period 1994-1998 using a case-crossover analysis. This design is an alternative to Poisson time series regression for studying the short-term adverse health effects of air pollution. The air pollutants examined included particulate matter (PM(10)), sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), ozone (O(3)), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), and carbon monoxide (CO). The largest observed effect, which was without statistical significance, was seen for NO(2) and CO levels on deaths due to respiratory diseases (ORs=1.013 and 1.014, respectively). The well established link between air pollution levels and daily mortality may not be as strong in cities in subtropical areas, although other factors such as differences in pollutant mix or the underlying health of the population may explain the lack of a strong association in this study. Further studies of this type in cities with varying climates and cultures are needed.     

Biotrickling filtration of airborne styrene: A comparison of filtration media

This study compares the performances of fern and plastic chips as packing media for the biofiltration of a styrene-laden waste gas stream emitted in a plant for the manufacture of plastic door plates. Fern chips (with a specific surface area of 1090 m² m^?3) and plastic chips (with a specific surface area of 610 m² m^?3) were packed into a pilot-scale biotrickling filter with a total medium volume of 50 L for the performance test. Field waste gas with styrene concentrations in the range of 161–2390 mg Am^?3 at 28–30 °C) was introduced to the bed and a fixed empty-bed retention time (EBRT) of 21 sec, a volumetric gas flow rate of 8.57 m³ hr^?1, and superficial gas velocity of 53.6 m hr^?1 were maintained throughout the experimental period. Nutrients containing metal salts, nitrogen, phosphorus, and milk were supplemented to the filters for maintaining the microbial activities. Results reveal that the biotrickling filter developed in this study had the highest styrene monomer (SM) elimination capacities (170 g m^?3 hr^?1 for fern-chip packing and 300 g m^?3 hr^?1 for plastic-chip packing) among those cited in the literature. The plastic medium is a favorable substitute for endangered fern chips. The thermal-setting nature of plastic chips limits their recycle and reuse as raw materials, and the study provides an opportunity for the utilization of the materials.

Implications: Biotreatment of contaminants in air streams offers an inexpensive and efficient alternative to conventional technologies. Biofiltration has a great potential for the degradation of gas-borne styrene and total hydrocarbon (THC) removal efficiency of around 80%. The objective of this research was to compare the performances of fern chips and a kind of plastic chips as packing media for biofiltration of the styrene-laden waste gas stream emitted from cutting operations of stripes of premixed unsaturated polyester (UP) and styrene paste before hot-pressing operations for making plastic door plates. From a practical point of view, the plastic medium can be a good substitute medium for fern chips, which has been declared as a protected plant. This study provides an experimentally verified model for the design and operation of such biotreatment systems.     

太湖竺山湾沉积物碳氮磷分布特征与污染评价

为了揭示太湖竺山湾沉积物中碳、氮和磷的分布特征,本研究在太湖竺山湾设置3个断面(湖湾内,A断面;湖湾中部,B断面;开敞湖区,C断面) 10个采样点,采集沉积物柱状样,每2 cm间隔分层测定沉积物中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和总有机碳(TOC)含量,以揭示其水平分布和垂向分布特征.结果表明,在空间上竺山湾表层沉积物呈现开敞湖区向湖湾富集的特征,湖湾内部碳、氮和磷含量显著高于开敞湖区(P 0. 01),其中湖湾内(A断面)表层沉积物TN、TP和TOC含量分别为1. 53、1. 55和11. 31 mg·g~(-1),而靠近开敞湖区(C断面)表层沉积物TN、TP和TOC含量仅为0. 75、0. 57和6. 70 mg·g~(-1).垂向分布特征表现为表层富集,3个断面TN、TP和TOC含量随着底泥深度的增加均呈现出下降趋势,表层沉积物TN、TP和TOC含量分别是底层的2～3、2～5和2～3倍.整体而言,竺山湾沉积物TP含量均值为0. 93 mg·g~(-1),属于重度污染,而TN平均含量为1. 11 mg·g~(-1),属于轻度污染;有机氮指数和综合污染指数显示,竺山湾北部地区污染水平为重度污染区,有机污染相对较强,TP的污染指数(STP)处于1. 03～3. 87之间,属于重度污染.     

重力沉淀对猪场污水的分离效果及其对沼气发酵的影响

采用重力沉淀法对猪场污水进行浓稀分离,并对分离得到的稀污水和浓污水进行沼气发酵实验,以考察沉淀分离对猪场污水沼气发酵的影响.结果表明,分离得到的稀污水体积占原污水的71.5%,相对于原污水,体积减少了28.5%,而COD、BOD5、SS、TN、TP浓度却分别减少了59.3%、64.4%、85.8%、36.7%和70.9%.分离得到浓污水体积占原污水体积的28.5%,却回收了70%以上COD与BOD5、95%以上的SS、65%的TN和85%的TP.绝大部分产沼气的底物都被分离到浓污水中,浓污水沼气产量占总产气量的85.5%.沉淀分离可以提高沼气发酵效率,在相同的发酵温度、COD负荷下,浓污水平均池容产气率为1.68L·L-1·d-1,比原污水和稀污水分别高25.3%、145%.通过重力沉淀,可以获得更好的升温效果,提高沼气发酵效率,沼渣沼液利用及污水达标处理也更加容易.     

太湖草型湖区沉积物中生物易降解物质组成与分布规律

为研究富营养化条件下草型湖区水生植物碎屑快速沉积对沉积物中有机质组成及营养状态的影响,选取太湖胥口湾为研究区,采集沉积物柱状样,探究沉积物中色素、碳、氮、磷及生物易降解物质的组成和分布规律.结果表明,胥口湾沉积物中色素、碳、氮、磷及生物易降解物质整体表现为表层富集特征,主要集中在沉积物表层15 cm;沉积物中氮负荷高于磷负荷,且存在显著的空间差异性;沉积物TN含量在127. 2～2 092. 8 mg·kg~(-1),沉积物TP含量在222. 1～528. 4 mg·kg~(-1),水生植物分布区(1 033. 6 mg·kg~(-1))氮负荷显著高于无植被区(325. 2 mg·kg~(-1)).沉积物中生物易降解物质以糖类(3. 7 mg·g-1)为主,其次是脂类(2. 8 mg·g-1)和蛋白质(2. 3 mg·g-1);水生植物碎屑残体是沉积物中营养盐和易降解有机质的主要来源,水生植物分布区沉积物中色素、碳、氮、磷及生物易降解有机质含量均显著高于无植被区(P 0. 01);胥口湾沉积物逐渐由中营养状态向富营养状态过渡,整体已经趋向于富营养化状态,在今后的湖泊管理和调控过程中需予以关注.     

蓝藻腐解对水中营养盐影响的模拟研究

为研究不同密度藻类腐解过程对水体营养盐再分配的影响,在太湖藻类聚集区采集沉积物柱状样进行室内加藻模拟实验,共设置B、C、D 3组加藻密度分别为2500、7500和15000 g·m-2的处理组,监测蓝藻腐解过程中上覆水体的溶解氧(DO)、氧化还原电位(Eh)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、总氮(TN)及总磷(TP)等理化指标的变化情况.结果表明,蓝藻腐解会使水体DO和Eh迅速下降,最终分别维持在0.1 mg·L~(-1)左右和-300~-400 mV之间,水体处于厌氧强还原状态;同时,厌氧强还原条件又加速了蓝藻死亡腐解过程,促进了藻体营养盐向上覆水的扩散,B、C、D组营养盐含量分别于实验第6、第10和第14 d达到峰值,TN平均增长速率分别为26.67、43.41和67.82 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1),TP平均增长速率分别为3.30、5.53和8.35 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1),NH_4~+-N浓度最大值分别为对照组的7、51、125倍,水体形成明显的氮磷污染负荷,且蓝藻衰亡导致的上覆水TN浓度升高持续时间较TP浓度升高持续时间要长.研究表明,蓝藻水华腐解过程中向上覆水体释放了大量的有机物和可溶性营养盐,降低了水体透明度,加剧了水体富营养化状况,诱发湖泛发生,也为蓝藻水华再次爆发提供了物质基础.     

官厅水库典型入库河流(洋河)表层沉积物重金属赋存形态特征

官厅水库曾是北京市重要的饮用水源地之一,洋河作为官厅水库重要入库河流,沉积物污染直接影响水库的水质安全.以洋河水系表层沉积物为研究对象,利用BCR三步连续提取法分析沉积物中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn形态特征,并基于重金属形态的评价方法(次生相原生相分布比值法-RSP和风险评估指数法-RAC),评价了洋河水系表层沉积物中重金属的污染程度与风险水平.结果表明,在整体研究区域,6种重金属均以残渣态(B4态)为主,在次生相中(除B4以外的其他3种形态),Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn均以可还原态(B2态)为主,Cr以可氧化态(B3态)为主.在空间分布上,Cd在干流中游段和支流清水河段以B2态为主;Zn在干流中游段以B2态和弱酸提取态(B1态)为主,在支流清水河段以B2态为主.RSP结果表明,洋河水系表层沉积物中Cd和Zn为轻度污染,Cr、Ni、Cu和Pb无污染.但Cd和Zn在支流清水河段均为重度污染等级,其可能主要来源于区域化工原料及化学品制造行业.RAC结果表明,整体上洋河水系表层沉积物中Cd和Zn对水环境构成中等风险,Ni和Cu构成了低风险,而Cr和Pb基本无风险.     

普光气田环境空气植物监测体系的初步构想

在简要回顾国内外有关植物监测大气污染研究的基础上,针对普光气田主要大气污染因子与环境监测现状,从监测植物筛选、监测点位选取、监测体系标准化、"植物-大气-土壤"综合评价系统以及应急监测机制等五个方面,讨论了构建该地区环境空气植物监测体系的基本想法和建议,并进行了展望,供项目建设决策参考。