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971.
Most of the mitigation measures against natural hazards can not be perfectly allocated via the common market mechanism, given their principle character of being a public good. Thus, different instruments need to be applied to retrieve their values. Economic valuation tools are one alternative to estimate preferences of individuals towards these goods. These methods are often difficult to operationalise and are not a feasible task for every single project. An alternative is offered by direct preference representation through involving affected interest groups actively in decisions. A critical question is whether the decision on protection measures can be left to public participation or should remain in the experts’ decision responsibility. It can be observed that the latter mode shows inefficiencies. In this paper, it is argued that participation could be one way to bring about the desired goal of increasing efficiency. The present work offers a discussion of the relevant political economic concepts in order to introduce the idea that participation can increase efficiency through achieving the Pareto criterion claimed in the realm of constitutional economics. Furthermore it will be shown that decision aiding tools, namely multi-criteria analysis, can integrate participation into actual decision making processes in a structured way. 相似文献
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974.
Donald G. Gillette 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(12):1238-1243
Whereas most estimates of material damage are based on industrial surveys, the estimates produced in this study were derived from material damage experiments and ambient air quality data. Air quality data on SO2 were obtained from 200 or more monitoring sites primarily located in heavily populated or polluted areas. Material threshold damage function data were then compared with SO2 levels, and an estimate of losses, as reflected in increased maintenance and replacement costs, was determined. Estimates of the total stock of various materials in use were derived from census and industry data and allocated geographically according to population. A substantial decrease in the ambient SO2 levels, particularly in larger urban areas, has occurred during the past five years. From 1968 to 1972, the estimated amount of material damage from SO2 in the U. S. decreased from $900 million/yr to less than $100 million. During this period, the estimated percentage of man made materials exposed to SO2 levels exceeding the proposed secondary annual average standard (60 μg/m3) and primary annual average standard (80 μg/m3) in the U. S. fell respectively, from 20% to less than 5% and from more than 10% to less than 1%. Most of the present loss is attributed to corrosion damage of metallic surfaces that are normally exposed to the ambient environment. 相似文献
975.
JOSEPH D. WHITE KEVIN J. GUTZWILLER WYLIE C. BARROW LORI JOHNSON‐RANDALL LISA ZYGO PAMELA SWINT 《Conservation biology》2011,25(3):536-546
Abstract: Avian conservation efforts must account for changes in vegetation composition and structure associated with climate change. We modeled vegetation change and the probability of occurrence of birds to project changes in winter bird distributions associated with climate change and fire management in the northern Chihuahuan Desert (southwestern U.S.A.). We simulated vegetation change in a process‐based model (Landscape and Fire Simulator) in which anticipated climate change was associated with doubling of current atmospheric carbon dioxide over the next 50 years. We estimated the relative probability of bird occurrence on the basis of statistical models derived from field observations of birds and data on vegetation type, topography, and roads. We selected 3 focal species, Scaled Quail (Callipepla squamata), Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus), and Rock Wren (Salpinctes obsoletus), that had a range of probabilities of occurrence for our study area. Our simulations projected increases in relative probability of bird occurrence in shrubland and decreases in grassland and Yucca spp. and ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens) vegetation. Generally, the relative probability of occurrence of all 3 species was highest in shrubland because leaf‐area index values were lower in shrubland. This high probability of occurrence likely is related to the species’ use of open vegetation for foraging. Fire suppression had little effect on projected vegetation composition because as climate changed there was less fuel and burned area. Our results show that if future water limits on plant type are considered, models that incorporate spatial data may suggest how and where different species of birds may respond to vegetation changes. 相似文献
976.
Mountain ecosystems are considered vulnerable to early impacts of climate change. Whether and how local residents of these areas perceive these changes, however, remain under-studied questions. By conducting a household survey in the Khumbu region of Nepal, this study assessed local residents’ experience-based perception of changes in climate trends and patterns, perceived risk, and attitudes towards climate issues. Multivariate cluster analysis based on residents’ climate change beliefs revealed three segments: “Cautious,” “Disengaged,” and “Alarmed.” A comparison of these segments along key psychosocial constructs of Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) revealed significant inter-segment differences in residents’ perception of severity, vulnerability, response efficacy, self-efficacy, and response cost associated with engaging in mitigating behavior. Results shed light on how residents of high elevation areas that are considered to be exposed to early impacts of climate change perceive the risk and intend to respond. These findings could also assist stakeholders working in other similar mountain ecosystems in understanding vulnerability and in working towards climate readiness.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01369-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
977.
de la Flor María Patricia Camarillo Rafael Martínez Fabiola Jiménez Carlos Quiles Rafael Rincón Jesusa 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(19):23720-23730
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - For the photocatalytic degradation of antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butyl-hydroxytoluene (BHT), several TiO2-based composites have been prepared in MWCNT... 相似文献
978.
Gómez-Tolosa María Rivera-Velázquez Gustavo Rioja-Paradela Tamara M. Mendoza-Cuenca Luis F. Tejeda-Cruz César López Sergio 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(2):1381-1396
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The order Odonata has been regularly used as an indicator of the ecosystem’s condition. The objective of this review was to analyze the... 相似文献
979.
Aliste Marina Garrido Isabel Pérez-Lucas Gabriel Flores Pilar Hellín Pilar Navarro Simón Fenoll José 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(19):23849-23858
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this study, the photocatalytic degradation of four fungicides, myclobutanil, penconazole and difenoconazole (triazole compounds) and boscalid... 相似文献
980.
Macías-Vargas José-Alberto Campos-Mañas Marina Celia Agüera Ana Sánchez Pérez José Antonio Ramírez-Zamora Rosa-María 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(19):24008-24022
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this work, the activated persulfate oxidation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) using a low-grade titanium ore under sunlight or simulated sunlight were... 相似文献