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91.
In New Zealand shellfish are a significant food resource and shellfish are harvested for both recreational and commercial
use. Commercially harvested Greenshell mussels (Perna canaliculus) and Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) from aquaculture farms dominate consumption in New Zealand. Other commercial species include cockles (Austrovenus stuchburyii) and surf clam species which are wild harvested. The consumption of shellfish has been associated with gastroenteritis outbreaks
caused by noroviruses following faecal contamination of growing waters with human waste. In New Zealand, since 1994 over 50
norovirus outbreaks linked to consumption of either New Zealand commercially grown oysters or imported oysters have been reported.
An IEC/ISO 17025 accredited method for detection of noroviruses in bivalve shellfish was established in 2007. This method
has been used in outbreak investigations to analyse implicated shellfish, in virus prevalence surveys and monitoring programmes,
and commercially for product clearances. Surveys have shown that enteric viruses occur frequently in non-commercial shellfish,
especially near sewage outfalls and following sewage discharge events. Viral source tracking methods have assisted in identifying
pollution sources. The commercial shellfish industry operates under the Bivalve Molluscan Shellfish Regulated Control Scheme
(BMSRCS), administered by the New Zealand Food Safety Authority. Recently regulatory measures were introduced into the BMSRCS
to manage viruses. These include the closure of harvest areas for at least 28 days after human sewage contamination events
and norovirus outbreaks. These management strategies, coupled with new information on norovirus prevalence in shellfish, have
helped to improve the quality and safety of New Zealand shellfish. 相似文献
92.
93.
B. Gail Ivanoff 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2009,16(2):153-171
The concept of the renewal property is extended to processes indexed by a multidimensional time parameter. The definition
given includes not only partial sum processes, but also Poisson processes and many other point processes whose jump points
are not totally ordered. Various properties of renewal processes are discussed. Renewal processes are proposed as a basis
for modelling the spread of a forest fire under a prevailing wind.
相似文献
B. Gail IvanoffEmail: |
94.
Linda A. Joyce Geoffrey M. Blate Steven G. McNulty Constance I. Millar Susanne Moser Ronald P. Neilson David L. Peterson 《Environmental management》2009,44(6):1022-1032
This study explores potential adaptation approaches in planning and management that the United States Forest Service might
adopt to help achieve its goals and objectives in the face of climate change. Availability of information, vulnerability of
ecological and socio-economic systems, and uncertainties associated with climate change, as well as the interacting non-climatic
changes, influence selection of the adaptation approach. Resource assessments are opportunities to develop strategic information
that could be used to identify and link adaptation strategies across planning levels. Within a National Forest, planning must
incorporate the opportunity to identify vulnerabilities to climate change as well as incorporate approaches that allow management
adjustments as the effects of climate change become apparent. The nature of environmental variability, the inevitability of
novelty and surprise, and the range of management objectives and situations across the National Forest System implies that
no single approach will fit all situations. A toolbox of management options would include practices focused on forestalling
climate change effects by building resistance and resilience into current ecosystems, and on managing for change by enabling
plants, animals, and ecosystems to adapt to climate change. Better and more widespread implementation of already known practices
that reduce the impact of existing stressors represents an important “no regrets” strategy. These management opportunities
will require agency consideration of its adaptive capacity, and ways to overcome potential barriers to these adaptation options. 相似文献
95.
Sunderland EM Cohen MD Selin NE Chmura GL 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(2):526-535
Changes in atmospheric mercury deposition are used to evaluate the effectiveness of regulations controlling emissions. This analysis can be complicated by seemingly incongruent data from different model runs, model types, and field measurements. Here we present a case study example that describes how to identify trends in regional scale mercury deposition using best-available information from multiple data sources. To do this, we use data from three atmospheric chemistry models (CMAQ, GEOS-Chem, HYSPLIT) and multiple sediment archives (ombrotrophic bog, headwater lake, coastal salt marsh) from the Bay of Fundy region in Canada. Combined sediment and modeling data indicate that deposition attributable to US and Canadian emissions has declined in recent years, thereby increasing the relative significance of global sources. We estimate that anthropogenic emissions in the US and Canada account for 28-33% of contemporary atmospheric deposition in this region, with the rest from natural (14-32%) and global sources (41-53%). 相似文献
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99.
Samples of pure fetal blood from 116 fetuses of 15–21 weeks' gestation were obtained by direct vision fetoscopy. Ninety nine of these fetuses, presumed to be haematologically normal, were suitable for analysis. The data obtained show that the erythropoietic system is evolving rapidly in this gestational age range. The myeloid series shows no significant increase or decrease in numbers apart from eosinophils and basophils which increase significantly with gestational age whereas the platelet count remains constant. The growing application of fetoscopic blood sampling to the prenatal diagnosis and management of fetal blood disorders renders mandatory a knowledge of normal fetal blood values. 相似文献
100.
Paolo Lo Bue Stefano Colazza Lisa D. Forster Jocelyn G. Millar Robert F. Luck 《Chemoecology》2004,14(3-4):151-156
Summary. Metaphycus sp. nr.
flavus (Encyrtidae: Hymenoptera)
is a parasitoid species collected from the Mediterranean
region which lays its eggs in the immature stages of several
economically important soft scale insects (Hemiptera:
Coccidae), including brown soft scale, Coccus hesperidum
L. (= host insect). Preliminary tests suggested that the parasitoid
is most successful in producing offspring when it
oviposits in the younger stages of brown soft scale. In
Y-olfactometer bioassays measuring wasp choices and residence
times, naïve parasitoids were significantly more
attracted to yucca leaves infested with 26, 27, or 28 d-old
scale than to uninfested leaves, whereas leaves with older
(29-30 d-old) scale were no more attractive than uninfested
leaves. Parasitoids also spent significantly more time in the
arm with yucca leaves infested with 26 d-old scale than in
the arm with uninfested leaves. These results are consistent
with observations of the parasitoids reproductive success on
scale of different ages, whereby older scale are more likely
to encapsulate the developing eggs of M.
sp. nr. flavusfemales than are younger scale. Further bioassays determined
that yucca leaves that had been infested with 26 d-old
scale but from which the scale had been removed were as
attractive as infested leaves. In contrast, infested yucca
leaves from which scale had been removed and the leaves
subsequently washed with distilled water were less attractive
than infested leaves. Furthermore, the wash water
containing scale residues was attractive to female wasps. In
total, these results suggest that Metaphycussp. nr. flavus
females utilize volatile, water soluble compounds produced
by brown soft scale as cues to locate suitable hosts. 相似文献