上海城市商业性污染及防治对策的初步研究

城市商业性污染是继工业污染之后又一种不可忽视的环境污染方式,是环境保护中出现的新课题及热点问题。本文论述了城市商业性污染的内涵,并以上海为例,在不同类型商业性污染现状调查的基础上,初步探讨了城市商业性污染的评价因子、评价方法及管理控制途径。     

Case study on nitrogen and phosphorus emissions from paddy field in Taihu region

The agricultural non-point source pollution by nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss from typical paddy soil (whitish soil, Bai Tu in Chinese) in the Taihu Lake region was investigated through a case study. Results shown that the net load of nutrients from white soil is 34.1 kg ha(-1) for total nitrogen (TN), distributed as 19.4 kg ha(-1), in the rice season and 14.7 kg ha(-1) in the wheat season, and for total phosphorus (TP) 1.75 kg ha(-1), distributed as 1.16 kg ha(-1) in the rice season and 0.58 kg ha(-1) in the wheat season. The major chemical species of N loss is different in the two seasons. NH4-N is main the form in the rice season (53% of TN). NO3-N is the main form in wheat season (46% of TN). Particle-P is the main form in both seasons, (about 56% of TP). The nutrient loss varied with time of the year. The main loss of nutrients happened in the 10 days after planting, 64% of TN and 42% of TP loss, respectively. Rainfall and fertilizer application are the key factors which influence nitrogen and phosphorus loss from arable land, especially rainfall events shortly after fertilizer application. So it is very important to improve the field management of the nutrients and water during the early days of planting.     

Occurrence of the Kumamoto oyster Crassostrea sikamea in the Ariake Sea, Japan

The Kumamoto oyster Crassostrea sikamea is distinguished from the closely related Pacific oyster C. gigas by concordant differences in 16S rDNA, allozymes, and a one-way gametic incompatibility. After repeated failures to find this oyster in its native habitat, we speculated in 1994 that “the Kumamoto oyster may be extinct in Japan”. In September 1996, we sampled small, deep-cupped oysters from the Ariake Sea and typed these for 16S rDNA and ITS-1 DNA markers previously shown to be diagnostic for the three most common oysters in the Ariake Sea, C. gigas, C. sikamea and  C. ariakensis. Our earlier suggestion of the demise of  C. sikamea proved incorrect. Of the 256 oysters sampled, 181 (71%) were  C. gigas, 53 (21%) were C. sikamea, and 22 (9%) were  C. ariakensis; no interspecific hybrids were observed. The distributions of C. sikamea and  C. ariakensis are clumped in the Ariake Sea:  C. sikamea occurs on the eastern and northern shores,  C. ariakensis occurs only in the northern part. These results emphasize the value of molecular markers for discriminating these morphologically plastic species both in the field and in aquaculture. Received 6 July 1998 / Accepted 8 October 1998     

Growth and lipid composition of scallop juveniles, Placopecten magellanicus, fed the flagellate Isochrysis galbana with varying lipid composition and the diatom Chaetoceros muelleri

The effect of feeding the flagellate Isochrysis galbana (Parke; clone T-Iso) of modified lipid composition on the growth and lipid composition of juvenile scallops [Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin)] was investigated in the spring of 1993. I. galbana grown in 85-liter cage culture turbidostats under conditions of nitrogen limitation had a significantly higher total lipid content than when grown under nutrient-replete conditions. This was due mainly to a doubling in the amount of less unsaturated triacylglycerol in the cells. The concentrations of methyl and ethyl ketones were also greater in nitrogen-limited cells. Diets of nitrogen-limited I. galbana and nutrient-replete I. galbana grown in continuous and semi-continuous cultures were compared. Scallop juveniles were batch fed daily, and measurements of ingestion were determined. Samples of juveniles were removed periodically for determination of organic weight. The juveniles did not grow when fed nitrogen-limited or nutrient-replete I. galbana alone; however, when each diet was supplemented with 20% of the diatom Chaetoceros muelleri (Lemm.), there was a significant increase in growth in the juveniles receiving the nitrogen-limited I. galbana compared with juveniles on other diets. In comparison with I. galbana,  C. muelleri provided a rich source of carbohydrates and the essential fatty acid 20:4ω6. This study shows the importance of providing optimal dietary levels of ω3 and ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as less unsaturated fatty acids and carbohydrates. Received: 29 September 1997 / Accepted: 2 October 1998     

智能型防碰天车装置的安全可靠性分析

针对目前油田钻井现场使用的智能型防碰天车装置存在一些安全问题，分析了问题的实质是设计测量精度和安全可靠性不高。提出了具体改进设计的方案与意见。     

澳门大气气溶胶中多环芳烃研究

通过1995年和1998年澳门大气气溶胶中多环芳烃分析表明,1998年的有机污染程度是1995年的1.36～4.36倍,大气气溶胶中多环芳烃白天高于夜间,说明主要污染物为居民的工作、生活、商业、交通所排放。澳门商业交通功能区有机毒害污染较为严重,苯并(a)芘和苯并(a)蒽分别为1.56～8.10ng/m3和0.85～4.68ng/m3。      

Neutron activation analysis of ceramic tiles and its component and radon exhalation rate

IntroductionCeramic,consistofearthymaterialslikeclaykaolin ,limestoneandsandglass .Ceramicmaterialsarenonmetalic ,inorganiccompoundsprimaryoxides ,alsocarbides ,nitridesandsilicides .Twotypesofbondingmechanismsoccurinceramicmaterial ,ionicandcovalent.Theo…     

考虑接头影响的综合管廊标准段地震响应分析∗

地震是造成综合管廊破坏的主要原因之一,综合管廊一旦发生破坏,其产生的后果将比传统埋地管道复杂得多。本文介绍了常见的几种综合管廊接头形式,并对不同的接头形式分别建立有限元模型,选取综合管廊标准段并考虑混凝土塑性损伤模型以及土体本构模型,利用自编程序施加黏弹性人工边界以及等效节点力对不同接头形式下管廊及内部管道进行地震响应分析。结果表明,在不同地震动强度下的最大纵向位移差,整体现浇结构的响应会高于预制拼装结构,且随着地震动强度的增加,响应的差异会进一步增大。两种接头形式下,管廊标准段在地震动作用下的损伤很小,仅在地震动峰值加速度达到0.4g及以上时会发生轻微损伤,不会影响正常使用。同一地震动作用下,小管径的管道应力水平会小于大管径的管道应力水平。同时采用橡胶止水带和预应力钢筋的接头形式会比仅采用橡胶止水带的接头形式更有利于降低廊内管道的应力水平。考虑到采用预应力钢筋连接的预制拼装结构会进一步提高廊内管道的安全水平,因此,在成本允许的情况下,不仅要考虑接头的防水,还应该采用预应力筋对相邻节段连接,进一步提升综合管廊的抗震性能。     

Constancy and change in marine predator diets across a shift in oceanographic conditions in the Northern California Current

Variable ocean conditions can greatly impact prey assemblages and predator foraging in marine ecosystems. Our goal was to better understand how a change in ocean conditions influenced dietary niche overlap among a suite of midtrophic-level predators. We examined the diets of three fishes and one seabird off central Oregon during two boreal summer upwelling periods with contrasting El Niño (2010) and La Niña (2011) conditions. We found greater niche specialization during El Niño and increased niche overlap during La Niña in both the nekton and micronekton diet components, especially in the larger, more offshore predators. However, only the two smaller, more nearshore predators exhibited interannual variation in diet composition. Concurrent trawl surveys confirmed that changes in components of predator diets reflected changes in the prey community. Using multiple predators across diverse taxa and life histories provided a comprehensive understanding of food-web dynamics during changing ocean conditions.