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861.
A Quantitative Review of Urban Ecosystem Service Assessments: Concepts,Models, and Implementation 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Dagmar Haase Neele Larondelle Erik Andersson Martina Artmann Sara Borgström Jürgen Breuste Erik Gomez-Baggethun Åsa Gren Zoé Hamstead Rieke Hansen Nadja Kabisch Peleg Kremer Johannes Langemeyer Emily Lorance Rall Timon McPhearson Stephan Pauleit Salman Qureshi Nina Schwarz Annette Voigt Daniel Wurster Thomas Elmqvist 《Ambio》2014,43(4):413-433
Although a number of comprehensive reviews have examined global ecosystem services (ES), few have focused on studies that assess urban ecosystem services (UES). Given that more than half of the world’s population lives in cities, understanding the dualism of the provision of and need for UES is of critical importance. Which UES are the focus of research, and what types of urban land use are examined? Are models or decision support systems used to assess the provision of UES? Are trade-offs considered? Do studies of UES engage stakeholders? To address these questions, we analyzed 217 papers derived from an ISI Web of Knowledge search using a set of standardized criteria. The results indicate that most UES studies have been undertaken in Europe, North America, and China, at city scale. Assessment methods involve bio-physical models, Geographical Information Systems, and valuation, but few study findings have been implemented as land use policy.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0504-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献862.
Guido Rychen Stefan Jurjanz Agnès Fournier Hervé Toussaint Cyril Feidt 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(10):6440-6447
Human activities are emitting persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to the environment. These compounds have raised concerns about the risk of transfer through the food chain via animal products. They are characterized by a strong persistence in environmental matrices and a lipophilicity which may lead to their accumulation in fat tissues. In EU Regulations (no. 1881/2006, 1259/2011), maximum acceptable levels for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and dioxin-like or nondioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in food of animal origin have been set. Transfer rates from contaminated fodder to milk have been established: for PCBs, the rate of transfer varies from 5 to 90 % and for PCDD/Fs from 1 to 40 %. The differential transfer of the compounds towards milk is related to the hydrophobicity of the pollutants and to their metabolic susceptibility. According to numerous authors, soil is the major reservoir for POPs, and its involuntary ingestion by farm animals reared outdoors may be the main cause of animal product contamination (meat, milk, or eggs). Recent studies seem to indicate that soil is a real risk matrix in terms of transfer of pollutants to the food chain. A POP crisis management is extremely difficult, since it impacts many farmers located in the contaminated area. The question arising is to know if livestock contaminated by POPs may be decontaminated and further used for their initial purpose. Recent data demonstrate that the decontamination process appear feasible and depends on initial level of contamination or the physiological status of the animals. 相似文献
863.
Cauê Bonucci Moreira Ricardo Vieira Rodrigues Luis Alberto Romano Emeline Pereira Gusmão Bianca Hartwig Seyffert Luís André Sampaio Kleber Campos Miranda-Filho 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(8):5565-5574
Petroleum hydrocarbons are considered one of the main organic chemicals found in water bodies. In the present study, the median lethal concentration (LC50) was estimated for mullet Mugil liza after acute exposure to petroleum water-soluble fraction (PWSF). Furthermore, histopathological studies and micronuclei frequency were also performed in order to observe deleterious effects of medium-term exposition to PWSF. Mullets (25?±?2.3 g) were exposed to chronic concentrations (1.7, 3.5 and 7 % of PWSF), plus the control group, for 14 and 7 days of clearance time. Throughout the experimental period (1, 4, 14 and 21 days), blood samples were collected for analysis of micronucleus (MN) and liver and gills for histopathological study. For these procedures, seven fish were sampled per concentration tested. The LC50-96 h was estimated at 37.5 % of the PWSF. The time required for MN induction was 96 h of exposure. The time of clearance was sufficient to achieve a MN frequency similar to that of the control group. Histopathological studies showed severe changes in the gill and liver tissues. The most relevant histopathology in the gills was telangiectasia. Hepatic histopathology such as cholestasis, dilated sinusoids and inflammatory infiltrates were commonly described. The MN test and histological study effectively detected damages caused by medium-term exposition to the PWSF, and despite the toxicity, a few days without exposure can minimize PWSF genotoxicity in juveniles of M. liza. 相似文献
864.
José Antonio Rodriguez Martin Nikos Nanos Theodoros Grigoratos Gregoria Carbonell Constantini Samara 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(17):10205-10214
Mercury (Hg) is a toxic element that is emitted to the atmosphere through human activities, mainly fossil fuel combustion. Hg accumulations in soil are associated with atmospheric deposition, while coal-burning power plants remain the most important source of anthropogenic mercury emissions. In this study, we analyzed the Hg concentration in the topsoil of the Kozani–Ptolemais basin where four coal-fired power plants (4,065 MW) run to provide 50 % of electricity in Greece. The study aimed to investigate the extent of soil contamination by Hg using geostatistical techniques to evaluate the presumed Hg enrichment around the four power plants. Hg variability in agricultural soils was evaluated using 276 soil samples from 92 locations covering an area of 1,000 km2. We were surprised to find a low Hg content in soil (range 1–59 μg kg?1) and 50 % of samples with a concentration lower than 6 μg kg?1. The influence of mercury emissions from the four coal-fired power plants on soil was poor or virtually nil. We associate this effect with low Hg contents in the coal (1.5–24.5 μg kg?1) used in the combustion of these power plants (one of the most Hg-poor in the world). Despite anthropic activity in the area, we conclude that Hg content in the agricultural soils of the Kozani–Ptolemais basin is present in low concentrations. 相似文献
865.
Maria J. Lima M. Enis Leblebici Madalena M. Dias José Carlos B. Lopes Cláudia G. Silva Adrián M. T. Silva Joaquim L. Faria 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(19):11116-11125
The degradation of ciprofloxacin was studied in aqueous solutions by using a continuous flow homogeneous photo-Fenton process under simulated solar light. The effect of different operating conditions on the degradation of ciprofloxacin was investigated by changing the hydrogen peroxide (0–2.50 mM) and iron(II) sulphate (0–10 mg Fe L?1) concentrations, as well as the pH (2.8–10), irradiance (0–750 W m?2) and residence time (0.13–3.4 min) of the process. As expected, the highest catalytic activity in steady state conditions was achieved at acidic pH (2.8), namely 85 % of ciprofloxacin conversion, when maintaining the other variables constant (i.e. 2.0 mg L?1 of iron(II), 2.50 mM of hydrogen peroxide, 1.8 min of residence time and 500 W m?2 of irradiance). Additionally, magnetite magnetic nanoparticles (ca. 20 nm of average particle size) were synthesized, characterized and tested as a possible catalyst for this reaction. In this case, the highest catalytic activity was achieved at natural pH, namely a 55 % average conversion of ciprofloxacin in 1.8 min of residence time and under 500 W m?2. Some of the photocatalytic activity was attributed to Fe2+ leaching from the magnetic nanoparticles to the solution. 相似文献
866.
长江经济带市域生态文明建设现状及发展潜力初探 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
生态文明建设是长江经济带下一阶段的工作重点之一。从生态文明和发展潜力的内涵出发,构建了耦合协调度模型和发展潜力模型,并对长江经济带生态文明建设情况进行分析。研究发现:(1)长江经济带东中西部生态文明特征差异明显,东部为经济、社会系统优势区,中部为相对协调区,西部为自然系统相对优势区;(2)当前长江经济带生态文明格局主要受经济因素的影响;(3)协调发展地区整体上表现出最佳的生态文明发展潜力,协调发展应成为长江经济带生态文明建设的重要途径。 相似文献
867.
Rey Gutiérrez Rutilio Ortiz José Jesús Pérez Beatriz Schettino 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5):317-321
The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cow's milk from industrial farms that are located near an industrial park in Hidalgo, Mexico. It was found that the concentrations of PAHs in the raw milk of cattle from industrial farms have increased in recent years. Composite samples were collected between 2008 and 2010 and analysis carried out according to 8100 EPA procedures and analyzed by gas chromatography with FID detection. The results show that combustion PAHs were mostly Ace, Acy, and Fla (0.25, 0.32, and 0.22 µg g?1, respectively). Diagnostic ratios were used to show that the probable sources were grass and fuel combustion. The sum of concentrations of 16 individual PAHs did not breach permissible levels in milk (25 µg g?1 according to the United States EPA), indicating a limited health risk to animals and humans in the study area. The industrial park has adequate pollutant emission regulations. 相似文献
868.
José Luis Gama-Flores S. S. S. Sarma S. Nandini 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(1):86-93
Cohort life table experiments were conducted on M. macrocopa using copper at three nominal concentrations (as CuSO4, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg L? 1, in addition to controls) for different periods of exposure (3 to 24 h). Age-specific survivorship of M. macrocopa decreased in relation to age of the cohort, concentration and duration of exposure to copper. Age-specific life expectancy curves also decreased with increasing age of the cohort. However, at low copper levels and shorter exposure time, there was an increase in life expectancy when the cohort was about 10 day old. Fecundity (m x ) was nearly regular in controls; however, at higher copper levels and longer duration of exposure, the offspring production was more oscillating. The offspring production completely ceased when continuously exposed to CuSO4 at 0.4 mg L? 1. Most of the measured demography variables significantly decreased with increasing concentration of Cu in the medium. The average lifespan and life expectancy at birth varied 2.9 to 9.6 and 2.4 to 9.1 days, respectively. Gross reproductive rate (GRR) varied from 31 to 89 offspring female? 1 lifespan? 1, while the survival-weighted net reproductive rates were nearly one-third of the GRR. Generation time of M. macrocopa varied from 5 to 7 days while the rate of population increase ranged from 0.36 to 0.84 per day. The results are discussed in relation to the sensitivity of M. macrocopa to copper toxicity and the necessity of amending the national water quality criteria in Mexico. 相似文献
869.
A plea for the use of copepods in freshwater ecotoxicology 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Devdutt Kulkarni André Gergs Udo Hommen Hans Toni Ratte Thomas G. Preuss 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(1):75-85
Standard species used in ecological risk assessment are chosen based on their sensitivity to various toxicants and the ease of rearing them for laboratory experiments. However, this mostly overlooks the fact that species in the field that may employ variable life-history strategies, which may have consequences concerning the vulnerability of such species to exposure with contaminants. We aimed to highlight the importance of copepods in ecology and to underline the need to include freshwater copepods in ecotoxicology. We carried out a literature search on copepods and Daphnia in ecology and ecotoxicology to compare the recognition given to these two taxa in these respective fields. We also conducted a detailed analysis of the literature on copepods and their current role in ecotoxicology to characterize the scale and depth of the studies and the ecotoxicological information therein. The literature on the ecology of copepods outweighed that in ecotoxicology when compared with daphnids. Copepods, like other zooplankton, were found to be sensitive to toxicants and important organisms in aquatic ecosystems. The few studies that were conducted on the ecotoxicology of copepods mainly focused on marine copepods. However, very little is known about the ecotoxicology of freshwater copepods. To enable a more realistic risk higher tier environmental risk assessment, we recommend considering freshwater copepods as part of the hazard assessment process. This could include the establishment of laboratory experiments to analyse the effects of toxicants on copepods and the development of individual-based models to extrapolate effects across species and scenarios. 相似文献
870.
Marίa Rodrίguez Encarnación Gustavo A. Narros José A. Molleda 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(3):156-160
Abstract An evaluation of the influence and degradation of ground multilayer containers, such as Tetra Brik Aseptic (TBA), in the composting process of municipal solid wastes (MSW) is presented. Two composting piles were formed by mixing, in different proportions, an organic fraction of MSW and TBA material ground as flakes or stripes. Piles were periodically aerated by mechanical mixing. Evolution of the composting was followed by frequent measurements of suitable parameters such as temperature, moisture, ashes, total organic carbon (TOC), nitrogen, C/N ratio, pH, conductivity, nutrients, and heavy metals. As expected, aluminum and polyethylene films from TBA were not degraded during the processes, but the cardboard fraction of TBA showed a partial decomposition that was more intense in the material ground as flakes. After two months of curing, the composts were refined and analyzed to determine their nutrient and heavy-metals contents. Despite their poor aesthetic properties, mainly resulting from the presence of little pieces of plastic and aluminum films, the composts contained the required amounts of nutrients; furthermore, their heavymetals content was below the limits proposed by some official European organizations. 相似文献