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51.
Kamal El Kadi Abderrezzak André Paquier Bernard Gay 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2008,8(2):169-198
This paper reports a numerical study on dam-break waves over movable beds. A one-dimensional (1-D) model is built upon the
Saint-Venant equations for shallow water waves, the Exner equation of sediment mass conservation and a spatial lag equation
for non-equilibrium sediment transport. The set of governing equations is solved using an explicit finite difference scheme.
The model is tested in various idealized experimental cases, with fairly good agreement between the numerical predictions
and measurements. Discrepancies are observed at the earlier stage of the dam-break wave and around the dam location due to
no vertical velocity component being taken into account. Sensitivity tests confirm that the friction coefficient is an important
parameter for the evaluation of sediment transport processes operating during a dam-break wave. The influence of the non-equilibrium
adaptation length (or the lag distance) is negligible on the wavefront celerity and weak on the free surface and bed profiles,
which indicates that one may ignore the spatial lag effect in dam-break wave studies. Finally, the simulation of the Lake
Ha!Ha! dyke-break flood event shows that the model can provide relevant results if a convenient formula for computing the
sediment transport capacity and an appropriate median grain diameter of riverbed material are selected. 相似文献
52.
Eric P. S. Baumer Francesca Polletta Nicole Pierski Geri K. Gay 《Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture》2017,11(3):289-310
This paper explores a technique for mitigating framing effects in perceptions of global climate change. People's opinions on issues ranging from same sex marriage and the environment to free speech and health care have been shown to be influenced by the way in which the issue is presented: the metaphors, images, and catchphrases that communicate implicit normative messages about the issue. The work described here synthesizes insights from experimental research on moderators of framing effects and sociological research on frame reflection. Based on this synthesis, this paper describes a test of a simple highlighting technique for focusing respondents' attention on the framing operating in political materials. Results suggest that this intervention not only can reduce the opinion-shaping impact of frames but may also reduce ideological polarization. Implications include a better understanding of the mechanisms by which frames operate, techniques for making frame reflection possible among political non-elites, and recommendations for strengthening environmental groups' public communication strategies. 相似文献
53.
Jeffrey M. Levengood David J. Soucek Christopher A. Taylor David A. Gay 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(8):6485-6494
Documenting long-term trends in mercury deposition and/or accumulation is important in setting regulatory benchmarks, modeling contaminant transfer and flux, measuring success of environmental controls, and even assigning responsibility for pollution. We conducted a study to compare mercury concentrations in small fishes from “high-mercury” and “low-mercury” regions of Illinois, as well as to examine historic patterns of mercury availability using preserved fishes. Mercury concentrations were greater in four species of small fishes collected from a stream in a “high-mercury” region than in those same taxa collected from a stream in a “low-mercury” area in Illinois. Mercury concentrations in blackstripe topminnows (Fundulus notatus) declined dramatically between 1900 and 1961/2006 in the “high-mercury” stream, presumably due reductions in mercury releases from local and regional sources. Preserved fish had an apparent increase in mercury concentrations for up to 12 months, which is consistent with changes in mass and loss of proteins observed in other studies, and we recommend that recent samples be preserved for at least 12 months before comparison with older fluid-preserved material. Based on our results, further studies of mercury in small fishes in Illinois streams appear warranted. 相似文献
54.
Kevin P. Robinson Michael J. Tetley E. Gay Mitchelson-Jacob 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2009,13(1):39-48
The coastal waters of the Moray Firth in northeast Scotland (57o41’N 2o40’W) provide rich, inshore feeding grounds for minke
whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) during the summer and autumnal months. In order to better understand the habitat selection, movements and feeding ecology
of the animals utilising this North Sea region, distribution data from the southern coastline of the outer Moray Firth were
subsequently examined with respect to the marine physiography of the area, specifically the environmental variables water
depth, slope, aspect and sediment-type. A total of 305 minke whale encounters – collected from dedicated boat surveys conducted
between May and October 2001 to 2006 inclusive – were used in the construction of a Geographic Information System (GIS) for
the 860 square-km study site. The subsequent analysis revealed a strong spatial preference by whales in this location for
water depths between 20 and 50 metres (mean 46.9 m, SD = 30.9), steep slopes (mean 75.7 degrees, SD = 8.9), a northerly-facing
aspect and sandy-gravel sediment type. Kruskal-Wallis tests for variance confirmed that the distribution of B. acutorostrata was significantly different across each of these physiographic features examined (P < 0.05). In particular, water depth and sediment type were shown to be highly correlated with the frequency of whales observed
(Spearman’s Rank Correlation P < 0.05 for depth and sediment respectively). From these results, we conclude that sea bottom characteristics may be used to
predict the fine-scale distribution of minke whales on their feeding grounds; the physiographic features identified providing
valuable proxies for inferring prey distributions in the absence of fisheries data. However, an appreciation of both abiotic
and biotic factors (using a combination of GIS and remote sensing outputs) is clearly desirable for ecosystem-based management
approaches for the coastal conservation of these whales. The application of GIS capacities to ecological studies based largely
on field data of these marine mammals is highly recommended in the present study to cetologists, environmental modellers and
conservation managers alike. 相似文献
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George A. Jutze Robert L. Harris JR. Maurice Georgevich Robert A. Taft 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(5):291-293
A program has been designed to meet a nationwide intelligence-gathering responsibility to obtain general and relative information on current and potential air pollution in areas where interstate transport of pollution may reasonably be expected to exist. This paper describes the field devices utilized in the program. By means of these static “effects packages,” data will be accumulated on: dustfall, particulate impingement, sulfation, corrosion, and tarnishing of metals, and deterioration of textiles, dyes, and rubber. Data accumulated during the “pilot phase” of the program will be discussed. 相似文献
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