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Jacob Wagner Jensen Claus Felby Henning Jørgensen Georg Ørnskov Rønsch Nanna Dreyer Nørholm 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2010,30(12):2497-2503
The focus of this work was to investigate an enzymatic liquefaction of MSW organics, paper and cardboard. Liquefaction trials were conducted in different trial volumes: 50 g lab-scale trials and 50 kg vessel-tests and evaluated based on particle size and viscosity. The viscosity results showed that Celluclast 1.5 L had the singular significant effect on liquefaction of model MSW. No effect of α-amylase, protease and interaction in between and with cellulases on viscosity and particle size distribution was found in this study. Degradable material with a particle size above 1 mm after treatment was evaluated using SEM microscopy. These results showed that paper particles were the main obstacles needing additional treatment in order to become fully liquefied. In a pilot scale test treating authentic MSW; more than 90% of initial organic and paper dry matter (DM) was recovered as liquid slurry after sieving through a 5-mm sieve. These tests were performed at up to 35% DM, showing that this process can easily manage high DM loadings. MSW enzymatic liquefaction promotes the separation of organics and paper from solids, which facilitate the use of these degradable fractions, with minimal loss, capable to enter a biogas plant through existing pipes. 相似文献
164.
Georg Steinhauser Stefan Merz Dieter Hainz Johannes H. Sterba 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(4):2527-2534
Several environmental media in Austria were monitored for artificial radionuclides released during the Fukushima nuclear accident. Air (up to 1.2 mBq/m3 particulate 131I) and rainwater (up to 5.2 Bq/L 131I) proved to be the media best suited for the environmental monitoring, allowing also a temporal resolution of the activity levels. Significant regional differences in the wet deposition of 131I with rain could be observed within the city of Vienna during the arrival of the contaminated air masses. Forward-trajectory analysis supported the hypothesis that the contaminated air masses coming from the northwest changed direction to northeast over Northern Austria, leading to a strong activity concentration gradient over Vienna. In the course of the environmental monitoring of the Fukushima releases, this phenomenon—significant differences of 131I activity concentrations in rainwater on a narrow local scale (8.1 km)—appears to be unique. Vegetation (grass) was contaminated with 131I and/or 137Cs at a low level. Soil (up to 22 Bq/kg 137Cs) was only affected by previous releases (nuclear weapon tests, Chernobyl). Here, also significant local differences can be observed due to different deposition rates during the Chernobyl accident. The effective ecological half-lives of 137Cs in soil were calculated for four locations in Austria. They range from 7 to 30 years. No Austrian sample investigated herein exceeded the detection limit for 134Cs; hence, the Fukushima nuclear accident did not contribute significantly to the total radiocesium inventory in Austrian environmental media. The levels of detected radioactivity were of no concern for public health. 相似文献
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Sigr��n H. J��nasd��ttir J?rg Dutz Marja Koski Lidia Yebra Hans Henrik Jakobsen Charles Vidoudez Georg Pohnert Jens C. Nejstgaard 《Marine Biology》2011,158(9):1943-1963
Egg and faecal pellet production and egg hatching success of the calanoid copepod Calanus finmarchicus were monitored over a period of 14?days (14?C28 April, 2008) while fed water from 4 differently treated mesocosms and ambient water. Two of the mesocosms used were inoculated with the polyunsaturated aldehyde (PUA)-producing diatom Skeletonema marinoi, while 2 received only nutrient additions with or without silica. The mesocosms developed blooms of S. marinoi, mixed diatoms or the haptophyte Phaeocystis pouchetii, respectively. Faecal pellet production of C. finmarchicus increased with increasing food availability. Egg production increased with time in all mesocosms to a maximum single female production of 232 eggs female?1?day?1 (average of 90 eggs female?1?day?1) and followed the development of ciliates and P. pouchetii, but was not affected by the observed high (up to 15?nmol?L?1) PUA production potential of the phytoplankton. The hatching success of the eggs produced on the mesocosm diets was high (78?C96%) and was not affected by either aldehydes in the maternal diet or exposure to the dissolved aldehydes in the water. 相似文献
166.
Georg Grüll 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》2011,61(1):107-118
This paper examines the key design mechanisms of existing and proposed cap-and-trade markets. First, it is shown that the hybrid systems under investigation (price floor using a minimum price guarantee, price collar, allowance reserve, options offered by the regulator, and offset relaxation) can be decomposed into a combination of an ordinary cap-and-trade scheme with European- or American-style call and put options. Then, we quantify and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed hybrid schemes by investigating whether pre-set objectives (enforcement of permit price bounds and reduction of the compliance costs for relevant companies) can be accomplished while maintaining the original environmental targets. Plain vanilla options are proposed as an alternative that reconciles the otherwise conflicting policy objectives. 相似文献
167.
In soft water 5mg/l of a synthetic dissolved humic substance (HS) reduced the toxicity of zinc against zebrafish embryo and larvae. The appliation of this HS as an antidot against fish hazardous zinc concentrations particulary in soft water is possible. In hard water the HS is able to change the detoxification effect of high water hardness because of the interaction between the calcium and magnesium ions and the HS. In this case the protective effect of high water hardness against trace metals is reduced because of the adhesion of hardness producing ions (Ca2+, Mg2+) with the HS. 相似文献
168.
Regnery Julia Friesen Anton Geduhn Anke Göckener Bernd Kotthoff Matthias Parrhysius Pia Petersohn Eleonora Reifferscheid Georg Schmolz Erik Schulz Robert S. Schwarzbauer Jan Brinke Marvin 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2019,17(1):215-240
Environmental Chemistry Letters - Anticoagulant rodenticides are used worldwide to control commensal rodents for hygienic and public health reasons. As anticoagulants act on all vertebrates, risk... 相似文献
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