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581.
James N. Galloway Ellis B. Cowling 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(3):229-235
Precipitation is one of the most important factors determining the nature and productivity of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Detailed historical and contemporary records are available indicating the amount of water deposited at thousands of locations throughout the world. Comparatively, however, knowledge of the changing chemistry of precipitation has developed only recently and is still very fragmentary. Our present ignorance of the total impact of changes in precipitation quality on the productivity and stability of ecosystems is especially profound. This paper has a fourfold purpose: (1) to describe the myriad of trace chemical constituents transferred from the atmosphere into the biosphere of the earth; (2) to define the range of beneficial and injurious ecological effects of perturbations in atmospheric deposition; (3) to explain the concepts of sensitive areas, life stages, and life forms; and (4) to describe briefly plans for a National Deposition Network and associated research on the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of the United States. 相似文献
582.
S.N. Linzon P.J. Temple R.G. Pearson 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(5):520-525
Sulfur Is an essential element for plants and is normally taken up from soil In the sulfate form. S02 absorbed from the air also can supply S for plant nutrition. Plants are therefore dependent on an optimum S content, but deficiencies or excesses can result in deleterious effects. The Phytotoxicology Section has conducted numerous assessment surveys in rural, urban, or industrial locations in Ontario to determine the concentrations of S in plants and related effects. During the ten year period, 1968 to 1977, about 50,000 samples of vegetation and soil were collected and analyzed for S concentrations. The results of these analyses were examined with respect to natural background concentrations of S in foliage of 33 different species, and effects observed on plant life associated with excess concentrations of S. For example, in one situation 0.35% sulfur in foliage of trembling aspen trees was found to be the threshold level for injury to occur. Some of the industries surveyed for the degree and extent of S effects in their vicinity included pulp mills, power plants, iron concentrators, and gold, nickel, and copper smelters. In interpreting the results of S analyses in plant foliage for diagnostic purposes, consideration should be given also to the geographical location, the stage of growth of the plant, the relation of visible injuries to pollutant or biological causes, the S content of the soil, and S02 emission data for the area. 相似文献
583.
584.
Robert N. Roop Leo Pflug Jr. 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(12):1239-1242
The United Power Association’s dry FGD system at Stanton, North Dakota was the first utility-operated lime spray dryer to be put into service in the United States. At 60 MW in size, it utilizes a single spray dryer vessel with three rotary atomizers and a ten-compartment fabric filter. It is currently operating at better than expected efficiency and Is meeting state and federal air quality requirements. Start-up and operation have shown that certain areas of design and operating conditions are critical to reliable operation. Flue gas, slurry, and water distribution and mixing must be carefully controlled if reliable, long term operation is to be achieved. Likewise, water chemistry Is Important in the reagent preparation equipment. Start-up of the system was accomplished In a step-wise fashion to bring the baghouse on line first, followed by the spray dryer. The spray dryer was operated at gradually lower outlet temperatures until design conditions were met. Measures taken since start-up to ensure reliable operation, and operation over an eighteen month period are discussed. Both particulate and SO2 emission performance are evaluated. 相似文献
585.
N. Cheng K. V. Lo K. H. Yip 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(3):379-398
Abstract A laboratory scale two‐stage sequencing batch reactor (TSSBR) was used to study the effectiveness of pH as a real‐time control parameter in swine wastewater treatment. A Ringlace media was inserted into the A/O (Anoxic/Oxic) reactor for bacteria immobilization. The TSSBR was subjected to three levels of organic loading. The pH and ORP (Oxidation Reduction Potential) patterns obtained were consistent with distinct features, enabling the real‐time control strategy to effectively set a flexible aeration time pending on influent concentration, hence resulting in flexible cycle time and HRT (Hydraulic Retention Time) for the system. The real‐time process ensured a removal efficiency of over 99% and 95%, respectively, for ammonia and TOC (Total Organic Carbon). For NO3 ‐‐N and PO4 ‐3, the run with influent TOC = 4,000 mg/L yielded the most efficient removal of 61% and 95%, respectively. Test results suggest that pH can be a viable tool for on‐line real‐time control of a biological treatment process. 相似文献
586.
RENEE J. KEESE N. DWIGHT CAMPER 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):965-971
Leaf cuticle waxes were extracted from monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA)-resistant (R) and -susceptible (S) common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants at 0, 3, 5, and 7 days after treatment (DAT) following 1× and 2× MSMA applications. Wax constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detection and compared to alkane and alcohol standards of carbon lengths varying from C21 to C30. Differences in waxes were calculated and reported as change per ng mm2–1. Tricosane (C23) was found to increase following MSMA applications. All other alkanes decreased by 7 DAT, with some showing a linear effect over time in the R-cocklebur. Alcohol constituents were also observed to decrease by 7 DAT. Total arsenic in the extracted wax fraction was determined, with greatest quantities detected in the R-cocklebur. Wax changes are not believed to play a role in cotton tolerance, since changes in cuticle concentrations were minimal. Cocklebur resistance to MSMA is not due to cuticle constituents; the wax changes are a secondary effect in response to herbicide application. 相似文献
587.
P. HERBERT M. J. CABRITA N. RATOLA O. LAUREANO A. ALVES 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(7):1171-1186
The concentration of biogenic amines and free amino acids was studied in 102 Portuguese wines and 18 musts from Alentejo demarcated (D.O.C.) regions. Most wines were commercial, except for 38 monovarietals obtained by micro vinification. Musts from the varieties used to produce the latter wines were also studied. Both biogenic amines and free amino acids were analyzed by HPLC using fluorescence detection for their o-phthalaldehyde/fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (OPA/FMOC) derivatives. The most significant amines (average 10.8 mg/L for histamine+tyramine in red, and 7.4 mg/L for white wines) were found to be present at low levels and, although no important relationship between each individual biogenic amine could be obtained, the total amine content depends significantly on the assimilable amino acid content in wine. 相似文献
588.
J. B. Maynard W. N. Sanders 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(7):505-510
The quantitative data obtained with a capillary GLC method, which is used to determine the individual C3-C12 hydrocarbons in full-range motor gasolines, have been employed in a computer program to calculate the hydrocarbon composition of the vapor in equilibrium with a gasoline at 100°F, as well as the equilibrium vapor-pressure of the gasoline at that temperature. The method used for computation is similar to that previously described by McEwen, assuming the gasoline to behave as an ideal liquid. Also calculated is the potential atmospheric reactivity of this equilibrium vapor relative to that from other gasolines when specific reactivity weighting factors for the individual hydrocarbons are employed. Calculated total vapor-pressure data agree well with experimental Reid vapor-pressure data obtained for typical premium-grade gasolines. Definite differences were observed in the relative potential atmospheric reactivities calculated at 100°F for the equilibrium vapors from the test gasolines. 相似文献
589.
N. E. Bowne 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(8):570-574
A different approach to mathematically modeling large-scale atmospheric processes is presented. Whereas past approaches have been to develop a model based on an accumulation of information from a specific geographical area, resulting in a model applicable to that area only, we have developed a general mathematical model applicable to any geographical area. The model’s applicability is controlled by specifying the input information describing the meteorological situation and pollution source configuration. A rectangular array of grid points is used to specify both the wind field, by using stream functions, and the average source strength of some pollutant for the area represented by the grid. The diffusion problem is divided into two areas: transport by the mean wind field, and dispersion based on travel time and distance as described by empirical equations. Trajectories of pollutants are traced backwards from the points of interest in the course of the calculations and the contributions of all sources that affect the points of interest are accumulated. The model requires an array of source strength information. An inventory of pollution sources in the State of Connecticut was compiled and maps of source strengths were prepared for five pollutants on a 5000-ft grid-square array. Maps of sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide source strengths are presented with the resulting concentration distribution for “typical” meteorological conditions. The model permits the changing of meteorological or source values at predetermined intervals so that diurnal changes are incorporated in the calculations. The model has not been verified, but the values of pollution concentration are the right order of magnitude and the resulting patterns are as expected. 相似文献
590.
John C. Elston Richard G. Kolb Irmin . Kamm John N. Pattison 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):767-772
This paper reports on the research program undertaken by the State of New Jersey to determine those tests and instruments which can be used by authorized state agencies for the enforcement of diesel smoke emissions. The state agencies under consideration for the enforcement of diesel smoke emissions are the following: (1) The Division of Motor Vehicles, in its system of state owned inspection stations, will be able to inspect all diesel-powered trucks, and tractors which are registered in New Jersey. (2) The Public Utilities Commission will be able to inspect at their home garages all buses registered in the State. (3) The New Jersey State Police will be able to inspect diesel-powered vehicles on the road. It was decided that the maximum inspection time for each vehicle was not to exceed one minute. On the basis of the one minute per vehicle requirement, eight different tests were evaluated to determine which ones correlated well with normal vehicle operation. These tests included acceleration of a fixed external inertia, free acceleration of only the moving parts of the engine, three ramp tests, a test in which a heavy vehicle was towed, and a driving test in which the vehicle being tested was actually accelerated. The results of tests demonstrated that the modified free acceleration method correlates reasonably well with a loaded steady state cycle, distinguishes the high emitters and is simple to perform. Consequently, the free acceleration test method is recommended for use in inspection stations and on the road. Finally, nearly two hundred vehicles have been tested by this procedure to determine present and potential levels of diesel smoke emissions. Another phase of the program consisted of the determination of smoke measuring techniques and instrumentation. The use and design of smokemeters were extensively investigated, as well as the use of the visual and photographic techniques. Of the various smokemeters tested for this application, several measured smoke satisfactorily in the laboratory, but none were found adequate for field use; they either lacked portability or were unstable due to the deposition of soot on the optics. At the time of writing, specifications for the necessary smokemeter have been drafted and published for bid to interested manufacturers. 相似文献