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51.
Sanchez F Gervais C Garrabrantsa AC Barna RC Kosson DS 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2002,22(2):249-260
Characterization of the leaching behavior of wastes is a crucial step in the environmental assessment for reuse or disposal scenarios. The release of inorganic contaminants from waste materials is typically evaluated by tank leaching of continuously water-saturated material. However, materials, in many field or management scenarios, experience cyclic wetting and drying under varied environmental conditions (i.e. variable relative humidity, atmospheric CO2 or CO2 from biologic activities). During periods of storage in an unsaturated environment, many processes may occur that can influence the release potential and release rate of inorganic constituents. The research presented here was carried out to examine how the phenomena of carbonation during drying influence the release of inorganic contaminants from Portland cement-based materials during cyclic wetting and storage. Batch equilibrium leaching tests were used to determine constituent solubility as a function of pH. Dynamic leaching tests on monolithic material were carried out to determine the rate of constituent release as a function of leaching time and intermittent storage conditions. This paper presents the results observed for three typical waste constituents, arsenic, cadmium and lead. 相似文献
52.
Lake Erie water quality has improved dramatically since the degraded conditions of the 1960s. Additional gains could be made,
but at the expense of further investment and reductions in fishery productivity. In facing such cross-jurisdictional issues,
natural resource managers in Canada and the United States must grapple with conflicting objectives and important uncertainties,
while considering the priorities of the public that live in the basin. The techniques and tools of decision analysis have
been used successfully to deal with such decision problems in a range of environmental settings, but infrequently in the Great
Lakes. The objective of this paper is to illustrate how such techniques might be brought to bear on an important, real decision
currently facing Lake Erie resource managers and stakeholders: the choice of new phosphorus loading targets for the lake.
The heart of our approach is a systematic elicitation of stakeholder preferences and an investigation of the degree to which
different phosphorus-loading policies might satisfy ecosystem objectives. Results show that there are potential benefits to
changing the historical policy of reducing phosphorus loads in Lake Erie. 相似文献
53.
J. Kent Mitchell Benjamin A. Jones 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1976,12(6):1205-1222
ABSTRACT: Micro-relief surface depression storage is one of the components of the rainfall-runoff process. The quantification of surface depression storage values and a depth-storage model to describe the storage was the subject of this study. Point measurement data were collected on 258 surfaces of 5 soils and three artificial surfaces. Five methods of computing storage, 15 depth-storage models, two depth increments, and six grid spacings were investigated. The 1-inch grid computational method, 0.1-inch depth increment, and 1-inch grid spacings were recommended. The surface depression storage function is best described by the model S = aDb, which relates surface depression storage as a function of depth with two equation parameters. Equations for describing the surface depression storage model parameters have been developed. 相似文献
54.
55.
Anne Bado-Nilles Stéphane Betoulle Alain Geffard Jean-Marc Porcher Béatrice Gagnaire Wilfried Sanchez 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(5):2692-2704
The neutral red retention assay has been proposed to determine the lysosomal membrane stability in immune cells. Nevertheless, this assay implies many examinations under a microscope at short time intervals and therefore the analysis of few samples. The present study proposes two more rapid, efficient, and sensitive sample analyses using flow cytometry method. Lysosomal presence and lysosomal membrane integrity (LMI) were evaluated on the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus (L.), a well-described model fish species for aquatic ecotoxicology studies. After development of the two biomarkers, they were validated by ex vivo contamination with endosulfan and copper and by in situ sampling. These immunomarkers were clearly modulated by pollutants and their variations seemed to be correlated with leucocyte mortality. Thus, from a practical point of view, lysosomal presence and LMI may provide novel and efficient means of evaluating immune capacities and indicating the toxic effects of environmental pollution. 相似文献
56.
57.
Honey-bee (Apis mellifera) colonies exhibit extreme reproductive division of labour. Workers almost always have inactive ovaries and the queen monopolises
egg laying. Although extremely rare, ’anarchistic’ colonies exist in which workers produce male offspring despite the presence
of the queen. By comparing the rates of ovary activation in anarchistic and wild-type bees fostered to host colonies of different
genotype (i.e. anarchist and non-anarchist) and queen status (i.e. queenless and queenright), we investigated the factors
involved in inhibiting ovary activation. Fostered anarchist workers always had a higher level of ovary development than fostered
wild-type bees in both anarchist and non-anarchist host colonies. Fostered workers of both genotypes had more active ovaries
in anarchistic than in wild-type hosts. Fostered workers of both strains also had more active ovaries in queenless than in
queenright hosts. The results suggest that selection for worker reproduction in the anarchistic line has both reduced the
effects of brood and queen pheromones on worker ovary inhibition and increased the likelihood that workers of the anarchistic
line will develop ovaries compared to wild-type workers.
Received: 14 June 2000 / Revised: 26 September 2000 / Accepted: 7 October 2000 相似文献
58.
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60.
Madeleine Beekman Stephen J. Martin Falko Drijfhout Benjamin P. Oldroyd 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(12):1847-1853
Anarchy, where honeybee workers produce males in the presence of a queen, is extremely rare in natural honeybee populations,
suggesting that there are colony-level costs associated with being anarchistic. Yet, no significant costs have yet been identified.
A possible reason for this may be that researchers have only focused on the behaviour of anarchistic workers, which have been
shown to perform worker-tasks as do wild-type workers. Possibly, therefore, costs associated with anarchy should be sought
in anarchistic queens and not workers. A potential cost could be a lower survival rate of eggs laid by anarchistic queens
perhaps because their egg-marking signal is not as clear as that of a wild-type queen. In this paper, we determined the removal
rate of eggs laid by anarchistic queens in standard worker-policing bioassays. Our results show that eggs laid by anarchistic
queens are removed at a higher rate than eggs laid by wild-type queens. This does not seem to be due to differences in hydrocarbons
found on the surface of eggs, as both egg types showed the same alkanes and alkenes in similar proportions. We postulate that
higher removal rates of queen-laid eggs due to recognition errors may be one reason that anarchy is rare in natural honeybee
populations. 相似文献