Leaching of 2,4-D from a soil in the presence of beta-cyclodextrin: laboratory columns experiments

This study reports on the effect of the presence of beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) on the adsorption and mobility of the pesticide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) through soil columns. The previous application of beta-CD to the soil produced a retarded leaching of 2,4-D through the soil column, due probably to herbicide adsorption on the soil through beta-CD adsorbed. However, the application of beta-CD solution to the soil column where 2,4-D had been previously adsorbed, led to the complete desorption of the herbicide, due to the formation of water-soluble 1:1 inclusion complexes between 2,4-D and beta-CD. Beta-CD can be viewed as a microscopic organic-phase extractant. It can be an advantage to remove from soil pesticides which are able to form inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins, making them possible candidates for use in in situ remediation efforts.     

膜生物膜反应器研究进展

介绍了一种新型的水处理反应器———膜生物膜反应器 ,该反应器可获得 10 0 %氧利用率 ,可用于生物降解挥发性有机物 ,可同时高效去除有机碳和氨氮 ,是一种很有发展潜力的污水处理工艺     

甲基汞对未分化型PC12细胞的毒性机制

应用未分化型PC12细胞为体外模型,研究甲基汞对多巴胺能神经元的毒性作用机制.利用MTT法检测甲基汞的细胞毒性,Hoechst33258荧光染色观察细胞形态变化,流式细胞术定量分析细胞周期分布和凋亡比率,并进一步通过比色法评价各项氧化应激指标.结果显示,甲基汞以剂量依赖性方式降低了细胞存活率,干扰细胞周期,造成S期细胞阻滞,细胞出现典型的凋亡性死亡特征.另外,甲基汞暴露导致PC12细胞内O-.2、H2O2和·OH等活性氧含量急剧增加,脂质过氧化程度升高,且SOD、CAT和GSH-Px等抗氧化酶活性降低.因此,甲基汞对多巴胺能神经元具有强烈的毒性,毒性作用机制涉及到干扰细胞周期、诱导细胞凋亡和引发严重的氧化损伤.     

Vertical diversity of sediment bacterial communities in two different trophic states of the eutrophic Lake Taihu, China

Vertical diversity of sediment bacterial communities in 2 different trophic states (macrophyte-dominated and algae-dominated) of the large shallow eutrophic Lake Taihu, China, were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Clustering analysis of DGGE profiles showed that different clusters were recognized in different depths of sediment cores in the 2 lake trophic states. Analyses of the bacterial diversity, as estimated by the Shannon index (H'), showed that different sediment layers of the macrophyte-dominated state had higher diversity than the algae-dominated state. In addition, bacterial diversity of the sediment in the macrophyte-dominated state changed abruptly throughout the layers, but bacterial diversity of the algae-dominated state decreased gradually with sediment depth. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum in the middle sediment of the 2 lake trophic states. In the macrophyte-dominated state, clone sequences related to Betaproteobacteria (50.0%) were the most abundant, followed by Epsilonproteobacteria (21.1%), Acidobacteria (7.9%), Deltaproteobacteria (7.9%), Chloroflexi (7.9%), and Bacteroidetes (5.3%); whereas in the algae-dominated state, sequences affiliated with Betaproteobacteria (84.4%) were predominant, followed by Deltaproteobacteria (12.5%) and Acidobacteria (3.1%). Canonical correspondence analysis showed that organic matter and pH play key roles in driving the vertical changes of bacterial community composition.     

近百年来滇南双龙水库沉积物中氮的赋存特征变化

为研究沉积物中氮形态及其质量分数对湖库水体富营养化的影响,在滇南双龙水库采集沉积柱样,分析TN、TIN(可转化态氮)、IEF-N(离子交换态氮)、WAEF-N(弱酸浸取态氮)、SAEF-N(强碱可浸取态氮)、SOEF-N(强氧化剂可浸取态氮)质量分数的剖面特征.通过Pearson相关、RDA (冗余分析)和回归分析探讨沉积物理化性质对氮迁移转化的影响,并结合TLI (综合营养状态指数)和ON (有机氮)指标评估水库氮引起的富营养化程度.结果表明:①柱芯(70 cm)的沉积年代为1871—2011年.②沉积物中w(TN)范围为0.832～5.744 mg/g,其中w(IEF-N)和w(SAEF-N)范围分别为0.027～0.142和0.033～0.131 mg/g,且随深度的增加均呈下降趋势; w(WAEF-N)和w(SOEF-N)范围分别为0.044～0.108和0.114～0.586 mg/g,且随深度的增加均波动变化.③单因子分析表明,各形态氮质量分数与粒度呈负相关,与w(TOC)呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),pH与各形态氮(WAEF-N除外)质量分数存在极显著负相关;综合...     

泥沙起动临界状态对底泥内源释放的影响研究

通过波浪水槽试验,研究了泥沙起动临界状态时太湖贡湖湾底泥内源释放的特点。结果表明,当底泥处于泥沙起动临界状态时,底泥以上1cm处上覆水中溶解氧在前15min内呈降低趋势,由初始7.5mg/L左右降低至7.0mg/L以下;约20min后,溶解氧总体呈升高趋势,最高达到8.12mg/L;底泥以上1cm处上覆水中硝态氮、亚硝态氮、氨氮和磷酸根等营养盐浓度仅在过程中有不同程度的波动,试验前后基本保持不变。初步研究结果可见,在波浪水槽试验的条件下,泥沙起动临界状态在短时间内能降低水-沉积物界面上覆水的溶解氧浓度,而从环境效应角度看对太湖贡湖湾底泥内源释放没有影响。     

Occurrence and source characterization of perfluorochemicals in an urban watershed

Perfluorochemicals (PFCs) are used in numerous applications, mainly as surfactants, and occur ubiquitously in the environment as complex mixtures. This study was undertaken to characterize the occurrence and sources of commonly detected PFC compounds in surface waters of the Marina catchment, a watershed that drains an urbanized section of Singapore. Of the 19 target PFCs, 13 were detected with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (5-31 ng L⁻¹) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) (1-156 ng L⁻¹) being the dominant components. Other compounds detected included perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (C7-C12) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (C6 and C8). Sulfonamide compounds detected 2-(N-ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamido) acetic acid (N-EtFOSAA), 2-(N-methylperfluorooctanesulfonamido) acetic acid (N-MeFOSAA), perfluorooctanesulfonamido acetic acid (FOSAA) and perfluorooctanesulfonamide (FOSA) were putative transformation products of N-EtFOSE and N-MeFOSE, the N-ethylated and N-methylated ethyl alcohol derivatives, respectively. Surface water concentrations were generally higher during dry weather than during storm water flow: the median concentrations of total PFCs in dry and wet weather were 57 and 138 ng L⁻¹ compared to 42 and 79 ng L⁻¹, respectively, at Stamford and Alexandra canal, suggesting the presence of a continuous source(s) which is subject to dilution during storm events. In rain water, median concentrations were 6.4 ng L⁻¹, suggesting rain contributed from 12-25% to the total PFC load for non-point source sites. The longitudinal concentration profile along one of the canals revealed a point source of sulfonated PFCs (PFOS), believed to originate from aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF). Sources were characterized using principal component analysis (PCA) and by plotting PFHxS/PFOA against PFOS/PFOA. Typical surface waters exhibit PFOS/PFOA and PFHxS/PFOA ratios below 0.9 and 0.5, respectively. PCA plots reveal waters impacted by “non-typical” PFC sources in Alexandra canal.     

枯草芽孢杆菌ME714产聚-γ-谷氨酸固态发酵培养基的优化

为了提高固态发酵聚-γ-谷氨酸(PGA)的产量,对发酵培养基中的4个主要外加营养组分——谷氨酸钠、尿素、柠檬酸钠、淀粉的配比采用正交设计方案进行试验设计,运用径向基神经网络(RBFNN)建立PGA产量与培养基组分浓度之间的预测模型,采用遗传算法(GA)对此模型进行全局寻优,得到4种主要组份的优化配比:谷氨酸钠318g/kg、尿素28.3g/kg、柠檬酸钠24g/kg、淀粉46g/kg.采用上述方法优化后PGA产量达到75.3g/kg,较原始培养基提高了25.1%.图1表3参14     

北京西单文化广场的火灾安全评价与管理

以火灾危险辨识、危险评价方法和人员培训手段相结合 ,提出了北京西单文化广场火灾安全评价与管理的总体思路 ;分析并说明了火灾危险评价中火灾模型的选取、确定几种极限情形需要考虑的主要因素以及人员疏散策略有效性的衡量等关键问题 ;同时给出了人员培训的详细内容。本文为受限空间类城市公共场所的安全评价与管理提供了一种可供参照的研究模式