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111.
Health sector recovery in post‐conflict settings presents an opportunity for reform: analysis of policy processes can provide useful lessons. 1 The case of southern Sudan is assessed through interviews, a literature review, and by drawing on the experience of former technical advisers to the Ministry of Health. In the immediate post‐conflict phase, the health system in southern Sudan was characterised by fragmentation, low coverage of health services, dismal health outcomes and limited government capacity. Health policy was extensively shaped by the interplay of context, actors and processes: the World Bank and the World Health Organization became the primary drivers of policy change. Lessons learned from the southern Sudan case include the need for: sustained investment in assessment and planning of recovery activities; building of procurement capacity early in the recovery process; support for funding instruments that can disburse resources rapidly; and streamlining the governance structures and procedures adopted by health recovery financing mechanisms and adapting them to the local context. 相似文献
112.
Luca Giorgio Bellucci Mauro Frignani Stefano Lin Herbert Muntau 《Chemistry and Ecology》2005,21(6):425-439
Samples from 18 short sediment cores were analyzed for major and trace metals (Al, Fe, Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Si, Ti, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Cr), 210Pb, 137Cs, total organic carbon, grain size, and mineralogical composition to find the record of major environmental changes, either natural or anthropogenic, and to establish their chronologies. Some sediments are characterized by nearly constant composition over time, but others clearly show signs of an increasing marine influence, as an increase of the carbonate contents, after the opening of the Malamocco-Marghera Canal in 1969. These changes sometimes obscure the real pattern of pollutants and tracers, which is revealed by normalization against Al. Zn is the most important contaminant, with concentration factors up to 9.3 times the background level, and the most contaminated sediments are those within a few kilometers from the industrial district of Porto Marghera. 210Pb activity-depth profiles were used to calculate apparent accumulation rates that provide a basis for the assessment of metal fluxes. The sediments of several sites show a significant increase in anthropogenic metal contamination starting from the second decade of last century, with maximum inputs from 1930 to 1970. The decrease of heavy metal concentrations observed in surficial sediments of some sampling sites could be related to a recent reduction of pollutant inputs. 相似文献
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The relative concentrations of hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide in volcanic gases cannot be explained simply by the temperatures and pressures, and appear as the result of the influence of different natural factors. SO2 is directly related to magma degassing, while H2S can be produced by the reaction of acidic solutions on dispersed sulphide minerals.
As long as these inputs to the surface environment are of moderate extent, then readjustment of redox conditions to an equilibrium situation will occur; a permanent disequilibrium will result in increased contributions of any component.
A wide spectrum of trace elements is normally associated with the presence of sulphur compounds in volcanic areas; their importance can be estimated for any system on the basis of the quantitative relationship between the oxidized and the reduced sulphur species. Extensive polluting effects can be produced by a continuous flow from a deep magmatic source, while minor consequences are associated with a re-circulation in the surface environment of heavy metals from previous volcanic activities. 相似文献
As long as these inputs to the surface environment are of moderate extent, then readjustment of redox conditions to an equilibrium situation will occur; a permanent disequilibrium will result in increased contributions of any component.
A wide spectrum of trace elements is normally associated with the presence of sulphur compounds in volcanic areas; their importance can be estimated for any system on the basis of the quantitative relationship between the oxidized and the reduced sulphur species. Extensive polluting effects can be produced by a continuous flow from a deep magmatic source, while minor consequences are associated with a re-circulation in the surface environment of heavy metals from previous volcanic activities. 相似文献
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Lorella Mignanego Franco Biondi Giorgio Schenone 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1992,21(2):141-159
This report presents the results of an ozone monitoring experience performed with tobacco indicator plants (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Bel-W3). These bioindicators were exposed to ambient air in 23 sites in Northern Italy from 27 April 1987 to 21 October 1987. Typical ozone-induced leaf necrosis was observed in every site. The percentage increase in injured leaf area was estimated weekly and a Leaf Injury Index (LII) was calculated. The weekly series of LIIs were statistically inspected for spatial and temporal relationships. Sample correlation coefficients were statistically significant for almost every possible pair of sites. The time series properties of ten series of LIIs with no missing data were analyzed using Box-Jenkins models. An autoregressive first order model, or AR(1), was selected to remove the autocorrelation from these series. Linear correlation coefficients between prewhitened (i.e. from which autocorrelation had been removed) pairs of LII series were statistically significant. Hence synchronous variations in leaf necrosis could only be related to the regional diffusion of tropospheric ozone.Work carried out as part of the research programme: ENEL's contribution to the knowledge of important environmental issues, Research line; Effects of atmospheric pollution on the land. 相似文献
116.
Franco Biondi Lorella Mignanego Giorgio Schenone 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1992,22(1):73-87
Tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Bel-W3) were exposed to ambient air for 25 weeks during the 1987 growing season next to an air pollution monitoring station in Brera (Milan, Italy). The research objective was to study the influence of selected environmental parameters on leaf damage in this plant, which is widely used as an ozone indicator. A multiple linear correlation model was estimated between leaf damage and available meteorological and air pollution data. Leaf injury was positively correlated with ozone integrated exposure and temperature, but negatively with vapour pressure deficit. A linear correlation model was used to estimate ozone integrated exposure from the leaf injury indexWork carried out as part of the research programme: ENEL's contribution to the knowledge of important environmental issues, research line: Effects of atmospheric pollution on the land. 相似文献
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118.
Marino Martini Luciano Giannini Antonella Buccianti Laura Maggi Franco Prati Paola Cellini Legittimo 《Chemistry and Ecology》2013,29(3):139-147
A major influence on the environment of active volcanic areas is expected from continuous input of chemical species pertaining to fumarolic activities occurring during inter-eruptive intervals. The systematic investigations carried out during thirteen years in the island of Vulcano (Italy) showed also substantial contributions to phreatic waters and soils of minor constituents and trace metals from volcanic rocks with no negligible influence on growing crops. Greater extents of these phenomena have been observed for products of hydromagmatic volcanic activity or of long-lasting weathering processes. 相似文献
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