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41.
Donata Lerda Sergio Carasi Giorgio Ceroni Gabriella Lissom Cristina Martines Francesco Rizzello 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(1-4):259-271
In 1991 a co‐operation between Public Health Office (U.S.S.L.) n° 18 of Brescia and the Chemical Section Laboratories of U.S.S.L. n° 38 of Milan concerning the possible environmental impact of foundry industrial activities performing metallic scraps recovering, has been undertaken. Soil and surfaces have been classified in conformity with the National Toxicological Consultative Commission (C.C.T.N.) recommendation dated 12/02/1988'; owing to the characteristics of the processed material, besides heavy metals, polychlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) have been looked for. The particulate matter collected from the filters positioned over the arc furnaces in 14 foundry plants has been characterized and classified, according both to C.C.T.N.1 and to the Interministerial Board regulation dated 27/07/1985 for the first application of the Republic President Decree Law (D.P.R.) n° 915/1982, concerning wastes classification, based, in this case, on these toxic chlorinated compounds concentrations. From the very beginning, high levels of PCDDs and PCDFs have been detected, corroborating the very few literature data from foundry plants2. The results obtained on 14 different foundries allow us to draw already some information, acceptable from the point of view of the statistical validity, about the pollution produced by this industry. 相似文献
42.
The paper presents a 1D mathematical model for the simulation of the percolation fluxes throughout a landfill for municipal solid waste (MSW). Specifically, the model was based on mass balance equations, that enable simulation of the formation of perched leachate zones in a landfill for MSW. The model considers the landfill divided in several layers evaluating the inflow to and outflow from each layer as well as the continuous moisture distribution. The infiltration flow was evaluated by means of the Darcy’s law for an unsaturated porous medium, while the moisture distribution evaluation has been carried out on the basis of the theory of the vertically distributed unsaturated flow. The solution of the model has been obtained by means of the finite difference method. The model has been applied to a semi-idealized landfill located in Palermo landfill (Bellolampo). Specifically, field measurements were conducted to determine the relationship between waste density and applied vertical strain. This relationship was then used to relate vertical strain to waste porosity. The inflow rate to the system was simulated via a synthetic hyetograph whose characteristics have been identified in a previous hydrologic study.Three simulations, each with a different initial moisture content, were conducted. The model results showed a different response of the landfill in terms both of flow rates throughout the landfill and moisture profile. Indeed, the initial moisture content drastically influenced not only the formation of perched leachate zones but also their extension. The model can be a useful tool in predicting potential for the formation of perched leachate zones. 相似文献
43.
Correlation between physicochemical and ecotoxicological approaches to estimate landfill leachates toxicity 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Pablos MV Martini F Fernández C Babín MM Herraez I Miranda J Martínez J Carbonell G San-Segundo L García-Hortigüela P Tarazona JV 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2011,31(8):1841-1847
Leachates from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills may contain a huge diversity of contaminants; these wastewaters should be considered as potentially hazardous complex mixtures, representing a potential environmental risk for surface and groundwater. Current MSW landfill wastes regulatory approaches deem exclusively on the physicochemical characterization and does not contemplate the ecotoxicological assessment of landfill leachates. However, the presence of highly toxic substances in consumer products requires reconsideration on the need of more specific ecotoxicological assessments. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of different MSW landfill leachates using a battery of toxicity tests including acute toxicity tests with Daphnia magna and the anuran Xenopus laevis and the in vitro toxicity test with the fish cell line RTG-2. The additional objective was to study the possible correlation between physicochemical properties and the toxicity results obtained for untreated landfill leachates. The results showed that the proposed test battery was effective for the ecotoxicological characterization of MSW landfill leachates. A moderate to strong correlation between the measured physicochemical parameters and the calculated toxicity units was detected for all toxicity assays. Correlation factors of 0.85, 0.86 and 0.55 for Daphnia, Xenopus and RTG-2 tests, respectively, were found. The discriminant analysis showed that certain physicochemical parameters could be used for an initial categorization of the potential aquatic acute toxicity of leachates; this finding may facilitate leachates management as the physicochemical characterization is currently the most common or even only monitoring method employed in a large majority of landfills. Ammonia, alkalinity and chemical oxygen demand (COD), together with chloride, allowed a proper categorization of leachates toxicity for up to 75% of tested samples, with a small percentage of false negatives. 相似文献
44.
Martina Kralj Cinzia De Vittor Cinzia Comici Federica Relitti Rocco Auriemma Giorgio Alabiso Paola Del Negro 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2016,23(13):12675-12690
The Mar Piccolo of Taranto, classified as a ‘Site of National Interest’ (SIN), is a semi-enclosed basin divided into two inlets with lagoon features and sea influences, seriously affected by anthropic activities. In the framework of the RITMARE project, a study has been carried out to evaluate the functionality of this ecosystem. As part of this work, measurements of the water abiotic parameters were performed in order to assess the physical–chemical features of this area after the activation, in the last decade, of treatment plants for various urban and industrial dumping. Seawater intrusions and continental inputs, as well as several submarine freshwater springs, clearly affect physical–chemical characteristics of the water column in the two inlets. This finding suggests that small-scale patterns in water circulation have the potential to influence the chemical properties of the seawater. The comparison with a 20-year dataset reveals a drastic decrease in nutrient concentrations after the year 2000, validating the functionality of the treatment plants. The reduction of nutrient inputs into the basin (up to ?90 % in the first inlet characterized by lower hydraulic residence time) has changed the biogeochemical characteristics of the Mar Piccolo from being relatively eutrophic to moderately oligotrophic. 相似文献
45.
Luca Alessandria Tiziana Schilirò Raffaella Degan Deborah Traversi Giorgio Gilli 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(8):5554-5564
Recently, much attention has been devoted to urban air pollution because epidemiological studies have reported health impacts related to particulate matter (PM). PM10 and PM2.5 were collected during different seasons in Torino, a northern Italian city, and were characterised by inorganic chemical species (secondary particulates and bio-available iron). The biological effects of aqueous and organic solvent PM extracts on human epithelial lung A549 were evaluated, and the effects on cell proliferation and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release were assayed. The average PM10 concentration during the sampling period was 47.9?±?18.0 μg/m3; the secondary particles accounted for 49 %?±?9 % of the PM10 total mass, and the bio-available iron concentration was 0.067?±?0.045 μg/m3. The PM2.5/PM10 ratio in Torino ranged from 0.47 to 0.90 and was higher in cold months than in warm months. The PM10 and PM2.5 extracts inhibited cell proliferation and induced LDH release in a dose-dependent manner with a seasonal trend. The PM10 extract had a stronger effect on LDH release, whereas the PM2.5 extract more strongly inhibited cell proliferation. No significant differences were observed in the effects induced by the two extracts, and no significant correlations were found between the biological effects and the PM components evaluated in this study, thus emphasising the importance of the entire mixture in inducing a cytotoxic response. 相似文献
46.
Pignata C Fea E Rovere R Degan R Lorenzi E de Ceglia M Schilirò T Gilli G 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(4):2091-2103
This study investigates the impact of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent on the toxicity of the recipient water body
and the effectiveness of the disinfection treatment applied (sodium hypochloride) to assure the compliance of both microbiological
and toxicological emission limits. No toxicity was found in the majority of samples collected from the recipient river, upstream
and downstream of the WWTP, using three different toxicity tests (Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna, and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata). Only three samples presented toxic unit (TU) values with V. fischeri, and one presented TU with P. subcapitata. The influent toxicity ranged from slightly toxic to toxic (TU = 0.68–4.47) with V. fischeri, while only three samples presented TU values with the other tests. No toxicity was found in the absence of chlorination,
while the mean toxicity was 3.42 ± 4.12 TU with chlorination in the effluent. Although no toxicity or very slight toxicity
was found in the receiving water, its residual toxicity was higher than the US EPA Quality Standard in two samples. Escherichia coli concentration had a lower mean value in the chlorinated effluent: 13,993 ± 12,037 CFU/100 mL vs. 62,857 ± 80,526 CFU/100 mL
for the not chlorinated effluent. This difference was shown to be significant (p < 0.05). E. coli in ten chlorinated samples was higher than the limit established by European and Italian Legislation. The mean highest trihalomethanes
(THMs) value was found in the influent samples (2.79 ± 1.40 μg/L), while the mean highest disinfection by-products (DBPs)
was found in the effluent samples (1.85 ± 2.25 μg/L). Significant correlations were found between toxicity, sodium hypochlorite,
THMs, DBPs, E. coli, and residual chlorine. In conclusion, this study highlighted that the disinfection of wastewater effluents with sodium hypochlorite
determines the increase of the toxicity, and sometimes is not enough to control the E. coli contamination. 相似文献
47.
Paolo Giordani Giorgio Brunialti Luisa Frati Guido Incerti Luca Ianesch Emanuele Vallone Giovanni Bacaro Simona Maccherini 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(2):1567-1576
The variability of biological data is a main constraint affecting the quality and reliability of lichen biomonitoring surveys for estimation of the effects of atmospheric pollution. Although most epiphytic lichen bioindication surveys focus on between-site differences at the landscape level, associated with the large scale effects of atmospheric pollution, current protocols are based on multilevel sampling, thus adding further sources of variation and affecting the error budget. We test the hypothesis that assemblages of lichen communities vary at each spatial scale examined, in order to determine what scales should be included in future monitoring studies. We compared four sites in Italy, along gradients of atmospheric pollution and climate, to test the partitioning of the variance components of lichen diversity across spatial scales (from trunks to landscapes). Despite environmental heterogeneity, we observed comparable spatial variance. However, residuals often overcame between-plot variability, leading to biased estimation of atmospheric pollution effects. 相似文献
48.
Marco Barucca Francesca Azzini Giorgio Bavestrello Maria Assunta Biscotti Barbara Calcinai Adriana Canapa Carlo Cerrano Ettore Olmo 《Marine Biology》2007,151(2):529-535
A phylogenetic analysis of some bioeroding sponges of the family Clionaidae (Order Hadromerida) was performed to resolve some
taxonomic problems both at the specific and the supraspecific level using the D2 and D3 regions of 28S rDNA. Species belonging
to the genera Cliona, Cliothosa, Spheciospongia (fam. Clionaidae) and Diplastrella (fam. Spirastrellidae) from the Mediterranean Sea and Celebes Sea (Indonesia) were analysed. In the phylogenetic tree, the
species clustered on two main branches, one comprising Cliona celata, C. rhodensis, C. utricularis, and Cliothosa hancocki, and the other made up of C. viridis, C. nigricans, C. schmidti, C. jullieni, Spheciospongia solida and S. vagabunda. Above the species level, data do not support the separation of the genus Cliothosa from Cliona, while they do support the inclusion of some massive boring species, previously assigned to the genus Spirastrella, in the family Clionaidae. At the species level, data demonstrated the genetic identity of taxa C. viridis and C. nigricans, in spite of their considerable morphological differences. In contrast, the yellow species commonly attributed to C. celata are probably to be considered as a complex of sibling species with a number of distinct taxa present in the Mediterranean.
Data also showed the identity of the Mediterranean and Pacific populations of C. schmidti, suggesting the status of a Tethyan relict for this species. 相似文献
49.
The problem of distinguishing density-independent (DI) from density-dependent (DD) demographic time series is important for understanding the mechanisms that regulate populations of animals and plants. We address this problem in a novel way by means of Statistical Learning Theory (SLT); SLT is built around the idea of VC-dimension, a complexity index for classes of parameterized functions. Though VC-dimensions of nonlinear models are generally unknown, in the linear case VC-dimension actually corresponds to the number of free parameters; this allows one to straightforwardly apply the model selection framework developed within SLT, and called Structural Risk Minimization (SRM). We generate noisy artificial time series, both DI and DD, and use SRM to recognize the model underlying the data, choosing among a suite of both density-dependent and independent demographies. We show that SRM significantly outperforms traditional model selection approaches, such as the Schwartz Information Criterion and Final Prediction Error in recognizing both density-dependence and independence. 相似文献
50.
Durigan-Marcel EB Durigan JC Gustavo M 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2005,40(1):177-180
The selectivity of the herbicide flazasulfuron was evaluated when applied at two rates (50 and 100 g/ha) with and without surfactants (Aterbane or Agral at 0.2% v/v). The treatment was applied at early (three leaves) and late (five to six leaves) stages of the postemergence of sugarcane plants (var. RB845257) grown in two soils (sandy and clay) with good moisture status before and after application. Despite the toxicity symptoms, especially at the late stage with the higher rate of application in the sandy soil, the herbicide did not affect the growth nor the stalk yield. The presence of the surfactants had no effect on the toxicity symptoms. 相似文献