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141.
Jedediah F. Brodie Midori Paxton Kangayatkarasu Nagulendran G. Balamurugan Gopalasamy Reuben Clements Glen Reynolds Anuj Jain Jason Hon 《Conservation biology》2016,30(5):950-961
We examined the links between the science and policy of habitat corridors to better understand how corridors can be implemented effectively. As a case study, we focused on a suite of landscape‐scale connectivity plans in tropical and subtropical Asia (Malaysia, Singapore, and Bhutan). The process of corridor designation may be more efficient if the scientific determination of optimal corridor locations and arrangement is synchronized in time with political buy‐in and establishment of policies to create corridors. Land tenure and the intactness of existing habitat in the region are also important to consider because optimal connectivity strategies may be very different if there are few, versus many, political jurisdictions (including commercial and traditional land tenures) and intact versus degraded habitat between patches. Novel financing mechanisms for corridors include bed taxes, payments for ecosystem services, and strategic forest certifications. Gaps in knowledge of effective corridor design include an understanding of how corridors, particularly those managed by local communities, can be protected from degradation and unsustainable hunting. There is a critical need for quantitative, data‐driven models that can be used to prioritize potential corridors or multicorridor networks based on their relative contributions to long‐term metacommunity persistence. 相似文献
142.
143.
A Method for Spatially Explicit Representation of Sub-watershed Sediment Yield,Southern California,USA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Derek B. Booth Glen Leverich Peter W. Downs Scott Dusterhoff Sebastian Araya 《Environmental management》2014,53(5):968-984
We present here a method to integrate geologic, topographic, and land-cover data in a geographic information system to provide a fine-scale, spatially explicit prediction of sediment yield to support management applications. The method is fundamentally qualitative but can be quantified using preexisting sediment-yield data, where available, to verify predictions using other independent data sets. In the 674-km2 Sespe Creek watershed of southern California, 30 unique “geomorphic landscape units” (GLUs, defined by relatively homogenous areas of geology, hillslope gradient, and land cover) provide a framework for discriminating relative rates of sediment yield across this landscape. Field observations define three broad groupings of GLUs that are well-associated with types, relative magnitudes, and rates of erosion processes. These relative rates were then quantified using sediment-removal data from nearby debris basins, which allow relatively low-precision but robust calculations of both local and whole-watershed sediment yields, based on the key assumption that minimal sediment storage throughout most of the watershed supports near-equivalency of long-term rates of hillslope sediment production and watershed sediment yield. The accuracy of these calculations can be independently assessed using geologically inferred uplift rates and integrated suspended sediment measurements from mainstem Sespe Creek, which indicate watershed-averaged erosion rates between about 0.6–1.0 mm year?1 and corresponding sediment yields of about 2 × 103 t km?2 year?1. A spatially explicit representation of sediment production is particularly useful in a region where wildfires, rapid urban development, and the downstream delivery of upstream sediment loads are critical drivers of both geomorphic processes and land-use management. 相似文献
144.
Tentacles of the sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis, are covered with hair bundles. Hair bundles were deflected by water jets to test whether they are mechanoreceptors. Electrophysiological
recordings confirm that deflections of hair bundles induce transients in membrane current. In a different species of anemone,
hair bundle mechanoreceptors are known to change shape and responsiveness according to the activity of chemoreceptors that
bind prey-derived compounds including N-acetylated sugars. In Nematostella, hair bundles significantly elongate upon exposure to NANA, an N-acetylated sugar. Based on a bioassay in which discharged nematocysts are counted in gelatin-coated test probes touched to
tentacles, we find that NANA shifts vibration dependent discharge of basitrich nematocysts to lower frequencies overlapping
those produced during swimming by known prey including planktonic crustaceans. Furthermore, we find for the first time that
vibration detection extends at least 2.5 cm beyond the tentacle tips. Thus, Nematostella likely employs its hair bundles to detect swimming movements of nearby prey. 相似文献
145.
Roy V. Rea Kenneth N. Child David P. Spata Douglas MacDonald 《Environmental management》2010,46(1):101-109
Plants cut at different times produce resprouts that vary in their nutritional value relative to when they are cut. To determine
how vegetation management in transportation (road and rail) corridors at different times of the year could influence browse
quality in the years following cutting, and how this could potentially influence encounters between herbivores and vehicles,
we undertook a 3-year study. In 2001, at a wildlife viewing area near Prince George, British Columbia, Canada, we established
a control area and treatment areas where shrubs and trees that are used as food by moose (Alces alces) were cut at the beginning of June, July, August, September, and October. In the fall, moose were most often observed browsing
the resprouts of plants cut in August (years 1 and 2 post-treatment) and September (year 3). Cumulative winter track counts
were highest in the uncut control area in the years following cutting. Spring pellet counts revealed that most pellets were
deposited in the uncut (years 1 and 2) and August-cut (year 3) areas during winter. With the exception of the first year after
cutting, browse removal by moose was highest for plants cut later in the growing season. Overall, our findings suggest that
following cutting, plants cut later in the year are selected more often by moose relative to those cut earlier. To reduce
browse use of corridor vegetation in areas where concerns for moose-vehicle collisions exist, we recommend that vegetation
maintenance activities be conducted in the early summer months of June and July. 相似文献
146.
An experiment was conducted to determine the influence the time of brush-cutting can have on plant regrowth and attractiveness
to herbivores that browse in linear corridors. The influence of cutting time on leaf flush and senescence, shoot morphometry,
and biomass was measured for 3 consecutive years after initial brush-cutting. Results indicate that morphological and phenological
attributes of three woody deciduous plants were influenced by the timing of brush-cutting for up to 3 years after initial
cutting. Brush-cutting generally stimulated plants to produce larger than normal shoots and delay leaf senescence. The degree
to which plants were affected, however, varied with the timing of initial cutting and the species in question. Generally,
plants cut later in the year resprouted more vigorously and were taller in the third year after cutting but produced less
overall biomass than when cut earlier. In the years following brush-cutting, plants cut earlier flushed leaves earlier in
the spring but delayed leaf senescence in the fall when compared to uncut controls. Results of these trials suggest that brush-cutting
time influences plant response and several plant attributes known to influence plant attractiveness to moose and other herbivores.
We therefore recommend that roadside and railside vegetation management plans consider the influence of cutting time on plant
regrowth. Such considerations can ensure that brush is cut to reduce the attractiveness of plant regrowth in these linear
corridors, reduce the utilization of such brush by herbivores, and, as such, mitigate collision risk between motorists and
herbivores such as moose. 相似文献
147.
148.
C. H. McKenzie D. Deibel R. J. Thompson B. A. MacDonald R. W. Penney 《Marine Biology》1997,129(3):407-416
Water samples from six bays were taken over a 5-year period (1988 to 1992) to determine the distribution and abundance of
loricate choanoflagellates in coastal Newfoundland, and to assess the impact that these organisms might have on this cold
ocean food web. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphology of these flagellates, allowing us to identify
11 species of loricate choanoflagellates. Parvicorbicula socialis (Meunier) Deflandre was the most abundant species (80 × 103 cells l−1), particularly during the spring diatom bloom. Single-cell species, such as Bicosta spini fera (Throndsen) Leadbeater and Calliacantha natans (Grontved) Leadbeater, were found more commonly after the spring diatom bloom in the summer months. Many of the single-cell
choanoflagellates were attached to bacteria-rich microaggregates and debris in the water column and in unpoisoned sediment
traps. The P. socialis cell flux was calculated to be 5.3 × 106 cells m−2 d−1 in late May sediment traps. P. socialis in the upper 100 m of the water column was removing 0.3% of the standing crop of bacteria each day (April/May), and the equivalent
of 7.4% of the daily bacterial production over the water column. Diel studies of P. socialis in Conception Bay suggest that the sharp decline in population numbers observed in midnight samples may be related to the
high number of grazing zooplankton observed during the same period. Pelagic tunicate and zooplankton fecal pellets were found
to contain large numbers of choanoflagellate costae, thus providing a direct link from the microbial loop to the macrozooplankton.
Received: 17 March 1997 / Accepted: 9 May 1997 相似文献
149.
R.W. MacDonald B.J. Coulson P.R. Slawson 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2000,65(1-2):231-238
The dispersion of material released from a point source immediately upwind of an obstacle array has been examined in a hydraulic flume with a low level of background turbulence. The main purpose of the experiments was to examine the interaction of the plume and the internal boundary layer (IBL) created over the obstacle array. The obstacle array consisted of 11 rows of cubes at 16% packing density in a staggered arrangement. Plume dispersion was measured using flow visualization with Rhodamine dye and also with a thermal tracer technique. During the experiments the source release height was varied between z = 0 and z = 4H, where H is the obstacle height. For the low-level releases, the upper boundary of the plume followed the growth of the IBL over the array. For higher level releases (z/H 2) the rate of plume growth was much reduced until the point downstream where it descended into the IBL, after which it experienced the intense turbulent mixing within the array. This suggests that the urban lateral spread parameter y should be a strong function of height in situations where the turbulence level in the ambient approach flow is low. These results highlight the importance of the ambient turbulence even in strongly obstacle-affected dispersion. 相似文献
150.