应用大气扩散模式进行区域稻田甲烷源强估算

传统通量箱方法对区域稻田甲烷源强的估算具有很大不确定性 .本研究应用箱模式和 ATDL模式估算区域稻田甲烷排放率 .箱模式和 ATDL模式估算排放率分别为 :6月 13.2～ 30.4mg· (m²·h)^-1 和 6.1～ 8.5mg·(m²·h)^-1,9月 10.4～20.0 mg·(m²·h)^-1 和 5.5～9.3mg·(m²·h)^-1;而传统通量箱方法估算排放率为 :6月 0.3～ 14.3mg·(m²·h)^-1 ,9月 0～0.3mg·(m²·h)^-1.分析表明 ,北京地区水稻生长季的接地逆温等不利气象条件使箱模式应用的基本假设难以满足 ,使之得出偏高的估算结果 . ATDL模式能较好地适应这种不利气象条件 ,并在 6月得出了与通量观测结果相近的估算结果 ,而其 9月高于通量观测结果的估算 ,却可能证实了通量箱方法难以测得的干旱稻田土壤裂缝的甲烷排放 ,有待于进一步研究证实 .     

Tissues and hair residues and histopathology in wild rats (Rattus rattus L.) and Algerian mice (Mus spretus Lataste) from an abandoned mine area (Southeast Portugal)

Data gathered in this study suggested the exposure of rats and Algerian mice, living in an abandoned mining area, to a mixture of heavy metals. Although similar histopathological features were recorded in the liver and spleen of both species, the Algerian mouse has proved to be the strongest bioaccumulator species. Hair was considered to be a good biological material to monitor environmental contamination of Cr in rats. Significant positive associations were found between the levels of this element in hair/kidney (r=0.826, n=9, p<0.01) and hair/liver (r=0.697, n=9, p=0.037). Although no association was found between the levels of As recorded in the hair and in the organs, the levels of this element recorded in the hair, of both species, were significantly higher in animals captured in the mining area, which met the data from the organs analysed. Nevertheless, more studies will be needed to reduce uncertainty about cause-effect relationships.     

Antiaggregant and toxic properties of different solutions on hemocytes of three freshwater bivalves

Hemocytes are main blood components of bivalves playing important roles in toxicological and immune responses. Consequently, a study on these cells may be useful to understand the invertebrate immunological systems. The aim of the present study was to find the best antiaggregant solution, based on its capacity of preserving the natural morphology and viability of hemocytes from the freshwater bivalves, Anodonta cygnea, Unio delphinus, and Corbicula fluminea. Hemocytes from the three species were collected and maintained in different antiaggregant solutions, i.e., ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), EDTA-citrate, modified Alsever solution (MAS), N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), NEM-NaCl, and heparin. The cell morphology and viability were analyzed periodically with light microscopy techniques. Between these assays with various antiaggregant solutions, the best results were obtained with NEM at a concentration of 0.05 mol·L^?1. It is also shown that, as expected, the osmolarity of the antiaggregant solutions plays a very important role in cell viability. Based on this study, NEM at 0.05 mol·L^?1 was considered an adequate antiaggregant solution for future research on immunological and toxicological responses and other physiological studies of freshwater bivalve hemocytes.     

Effect of food level on the acute and chronic responses of daphnids to lindane

The toxic effects of lindane on the zooplankton communities may be strongly related to the population fitness, which is highly dependent on food availability. In order to test this hypothesis, acute (immobilisation) and chronic (life-history) responses of Daphnia longispina and Daphnia magna, reared at different food levels (low, normal, and high), were assessed in laboratorial exposures to several concentrations of lindane. A bifactorial design was employed (food level versus lindane concentration) for both species. Results showed that lindane was toxic to both D. magna and D. longispina, within a similar range. However, lindane toxicity to daphnids was dependent on food level, suggesting that the latter is an important factor to take into account when assessing the toxic effects of lindane on zooplankton communities.     

Cancer and occupational exposure to pesticides: a bibliometric study of the past 10 years

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Occupational exposure to pesticides has been identified as a major trigger of the development of cancer. Pesticides can cause intoxication in the...     

Measurement of sustainability performance in Brazilian organizations

In recent years, sustainability issues are gaining greater prominence among organizations and their stakeholders around the world. This paper aims to verify the sustainability performance of Brazilian organizations in performance measures and to propose sustainable guidelines with the intention of directing future efforts to the transition to sustainable development. The research utilized a triangulated approach by collecting qualitative and quantitative data acquired through multiple collection methods of a theoretical literature review, documentary analysis of corporate reports, questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews with industry professionals and academic researchers. The results show that internal organizational factors are the main inductors of the sustainable environment in organizations, and sustainability must be tied to strategic planning, starting from upper management to lower levels. It is essential to use sustainable performance measurement systems in order to respond to external and internal levers and serve as benchmarking for future corporate operations and strategies. In addition, it is the responsibility of organizations to focus their efforts on environmental protection, reduction of energy, corporate reputation, quality management, customer satisfaction and investor relations, as they are considered to be more important and have a relationship of dependence on organizational sustainability. The findings will be of value to professionals and academics who want to start measuring and for continuously improving the sustainability performance of their organizations according to the technical, economic, environmental, social and governance dimensions. This research work also helps to understand the perceptions and expectations of stakeholders.     

Evaluating surrogates of genetic diversity for conservation planning

Protected-area systems should conserve intraspecific genetic diversity. Because genetic data require resources to obtain, several approaches have been proposed for generating plans for protected-area systems (prioritizations) when genetic data are not available. Yet such surrogate-based approaches remain poorly tested. We evaluated the effectiveness of potential surrogate-based approaches based on microsatellite genetic data collected across the Iberian Peninsula for 7 amphibian and 3 reptilian species. Long-term environmental suitability did not effectively represent sites containing high genetic diversity (allelic richness). Prioritizations based on long-term environmental suitability had similar performance to random prioritizations. Geographic distances and resistance distances based on contemporary environmental suitability were not always effective surrogates for identification of combinations of sites that contain individuals with different genetic compositions. Our results demonstrate that population genetic data based on commonly used neutral markers can inform prioritizations, and we could not find an adequate substitute. Conservation planners need to weigh the potential benefits of genetic data against their acquisition costs.     

Water demand of central pivot-irrigated areas in Bahia,Brazil: management of water resources applied to sustainable production

When performed without technical criteria, the rapid expansion of irrigated agricultural frontiers can result in overexploitation of water, causing worrying impacts on the balance of agroecosystems. This study proposes a model applied to the state of Bahia, to estimate the water demand of areas irrigated by a central pivot, in order to contribute to information that will subsidize the inspection and planning of water resources in the promotion of sustainable agriculture. The irrigated areas were identified and measured by photointerpretation using orbital images from the Landsat-8 satellite. With a historical series of data, the reference evapotranspiration was calculated and monthly water balance was elaborated. The data obtained were spatialized by kriging, and with punctual values of water deficit (mm), the water demand of the irrigated perimeter of the equipment was estimated. The results were described considering strategic planning units, proposed from municipalities, hydrographic basins and biomes. A total of 4075 pivots were quantified, covering an irrigated area of 265,896.30 ha and with an average annual consumption of 1,333,473,208.02 m³ of water. Areas of high demand were identified, especially in the western region of Bahia, which includes the hydrographic basin of the São Francisco River and the Cerrado biome, concentrating 80.85% and 75.47% of the state water demand for pivots, respectively. Considering possible points of water vulnerability and continuity of this expansion, the results provide the primary information needed to encourage the adoption of public policies aimed at the management of water resources. The study method proposes guidelines that condition the application in any region of interest in the world.

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Escherichia coli,Species C Human Adenovirus,and Enterovirus in Water Samples Consumed in Rural Areas of Goiás,Brazil

Food and Environmental Virology - Rural environments lack basic sanitation services. Facilities for obtaining water and disposing sewage are often under the initiative of each resident, who may not...