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991.
Linhong Jing Spencer M. Steinberg Brian J. Johnson 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(9):1359-1366
ABSTRACT Linhong Jing completed a master's degree in chemistry at UNLV and is currently enrolled in the Ph.D. program at Purdue University. Her address is Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907. Dr. Spencer Steinberg is an associate professor of chemistry at UNLV. His address is UNLV Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003. Dr. Brian Johnson is an associate professor of chemistry at UNLV. His address is UNLV Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003. Oxidation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) in air, of significance due to, for example, the potential for O3 formation, is believed to be initiated by OH attack on the ring (addition) or on the alkyl side chain (H abstraction). A series of ring-breaking reactions follows, with major products predicted to be a-dicarbonyls, simple aldehydes, and organic acids. To test this prediction, ambient air mixing ratios of aldehydes (formaldehyde, ac-etaldehyde, benzaldehyde, glyoxal, and pyruvaldehyde), along with some supporting BTEX data, were measured at an urban site in Las Vegas, NV. Samples were collected on sorbents and determined by chromatographic methods; mixing ratios were compared to ambient levels of CO, O3, and NOx. A meteorological analysis (temperature, wind speed, and wind direction) was also included. Statistically significant relationships were noted among the BTEX hydrocarbons (HCs) and among the photochemi-cally derived species (e.g., O3, NO2, and some of the aldehydes), although there was seasonal variation. The observations are consistent with a common primary source (i.e., vehicular exhaust or fuel evaporation) for the BTEX compounds and a common secondary source (e.g., OH attack) for glyoxal and pyruvaldehyde. 相似文献
992.
P. Magni S. Rajagopal S. Como J. M. Jansen G. van der Velde H. Hummel 《Marine Biology》2013,160(3):541-552
Stable carbon (δ 13C) and nitrogen (δ 15N) isotope (SI) values of sedimentary organic matter (SOM), seston and two dominant bivalves, Mytilus spp. and Macoma balthica, were studied at 18 stations along the European coast in spring and autumn 2004. Three main regions, the Baltic Sea (BS), the North Sea and English Channel (NS), and the Bay of Biscay (BB), were tested for possible geographic (latitudinal) differences in the SI values. In spring, only BS showed lower δ 13C values of seston and Mytilus spp., and higher δ 15N values of SOM, than NS and BB. No significant differences between the 3 regions were found in autumn. Irrespective of season and regions, Mytilus spp. was more 13C-depleted than M. balthica. δ 13C values of M. balthica, but not those of Mytilus spp., were significantly correlated with SOM. These results are consistent with differences in feeding behavior of Mytilus spp. and M. balthica, as the two species are known as obligatory-suspension and facultative-deposit feeders, respectively. In contrast, no differences in the δ 15N values of Mytilus spp. and M. balthica were found at individual stations, indicating the same trophic level of the two bivalves within the food webs. At some stations, irrespective of geographic location, both bivalves showed δ 15N values up to 18–20 ‰. These were two trophic levels higher than those found at the other stations, indicating local and/or episodic eutrophic conditions, probably due to waste water discharge, and the effectiveness of both Mytilus spp. and M. balthica as bio-indicators of anthropogenic eutrophication. Overall, our results suggest that pathways of energy flow from OM pools to dominant bivalves is more related to local environmental conditions than to geographic regions across the European coastline. This has implications for food web studies along the Atlantic coast because most of the values are consistent over a large area and show no significant differences. Therefore, the present study can be used twofold for the determination of trophic baselines and for the correction of the trophic position of consumers higher up in the food web in the case of differences in waste water discharge. 相似文献
993.
994.
Marlus C. Quintas Claudio J. C. Blanco André L. Amarante Mesquita 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2012,14(2):283-295
A major problem for sustainable development in the Amazon is the difficulty of supplying electric power to isolated communities,
which represent a considerable share of the population. This problem has been a major obstacle to productive activities (especially
extractive and agricultural) in such communities, thus significantly contributing to rural drift and creating social problems
in larger cities. In that case, one way to supply electric power would be to use the huge network of small rivers in the region
by implementing Micro Hydroelectric Power Plants (MHPs). However, this type of hydropower project requires a set of technical
assessments in order to obtain better value for its cost-effectiveness from the perspective of sustainable development. Thus,
based on a survey of energy demand and the local hydrological and topographical characteristics, two possible MHP designs
for the hydrological site under analysis were suggested. Assessments of hydropower, economic and environmental aspects were
developed. MHP designs were compared with the diesel generator design of the community under focus. Comparison showed that
the MHP designs are feasible in terms of energy to meet local demand; economically, they are more feasible than the diesel
generator and are environmentally sustainable, mainly because such designs involve low-head, run-of-river MHPs and the flooded
areas were simulated and are not larger than 0.02 km2. Therefore, the information provided by these assessments constitutes important data, serving as subsidies for MHP implementation
projects, which shall contribute to sustainable development in the region. 相似文献
995.
Thorsten Bartels-Rausch Marcello Brigante Yasin F. Elshorbany Markus Ammann Barbara D'Anna Christian George Konrad Stemmler Marieme Ndour Jörg Kleffmann 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(40):5443-5450
Laboratory studies on the heterogeneous conversion of nitrogen dioxide into nitrous acid on irradiated ice films containing humic acid are described. It was found that the presence of light in the visible range of the solar spectrum significantly enhances the rate of nitrous acid release from a humic acid doped ice film. This process might contribute to observed HONO production in snow, where the NO2 is thought to originate from nitrate photolysis. Analysis of the experimental data based on the Langmuir Hinshelwood model framework allowed quantification of the observed dependencies of the nitrous acid production rate on nitrogen dioxide concentration. The observed dependencies on the humic acid concentration as well as on the irradiation intensity were used to estimate light-driven HONO fluxes for environmental snow covers. 相似文献
996.
997.
Bruno Nunes Fátima Brandão Tânia Sérgio Sara Rodrigues Fernando Gonçalves Alberto Teodorico Correia 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(12):7501-7511
Flatfish species, such as the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), are common targets for toxic effects, since they are exposed through the food chain (ingestion of contaminated preys) and are in direct contact with the waterborne contaminant and sediments. Furthermore, these fish species live in close proximity to interstitial water that frequently dissolves high amounts of contaminants, including metals. Despite this significant set of characteristics, the present knowledge concerning flatfish contamination and toxicity by metals is still scarce. To attain the objective of assessing the effects of metals on a flatfish species, S. maximus specimens were chronically exposed to lead, copper and zinc, at ecologically relevant concentrations, and biochemical (oxidative stress: catalase and glutathione S-transferases activities, and lipid peroxidation; neurotoxicity: cholinesterase activity) parameters were assessed on selected tissues (gills and liver). Copper had no significant effects on all tested parameters; lead was causative of significant increases in liver GSTs activities and also in lipoperoxidation of gill tissue; exposure to zinc caused a significant increase in catalase activity of gill tissue. None of the tested metals elicited noteworthy effects in terms of neurotoxicity. The obtained results showed that only the metal lead is of some environmental importance, since it was able to cause deleterious modifications of oxidative nature at relevant concentrations. 相似文献
998.
During 2008 and 2009, an epidemic affected sponges of the genus Ircinia in the Western Mediterranean. Investigations at a site on the European coast (6o43′08.80′′N; 3o43′52.20′′W) and another on
the African coast (35o10′51.00′′N; 2o25′33.00′′W) revealed healthier African populations. The disease started with small pustules
on the sponge surface, which subsequently coalesced forming larger, extensive lesions. An ultrastructural study suggested
that a twisted rod is the etiological agent. It infected the sponges from the outside, initially killing the cells below the
ectosome and then penetrating deeper into the body. The sponges responded to the bacterial progression by secreting concentric
barriers of collagen and concentrating phagocytic cells at the diseased zones. This primitive immune system successfully resisted
the disease in many instances, although mortality reached 27% in the studied populations. Epidemic outbreaks recur each year
in September through November, arguably favored by abnormally high seawater temperatures in August. 相似文献
999.
MILAN J. MITROVICH TRITIA MATSUDA KRISTA H. PEASE ROBERT N. FISHER 《Conservation biology》2010,24(5):1239-1248
Abstract: In the United States multispecies habitat conservation plans were meant to be the solution to conflicts between economic development and protection of biological diversity. Although now widely applied, questions exist concerning the scientific credibility of the conservation planning process and effectiveness of the plans. We used ants to assess performance of one of the first regional conservation plans developed in the United States, the Orange County Central‐Coastal Natural Community Conservation Plan (NCCP), in meeting its broader conservation objectives of biodiversity and ecosystem‐level protection. We collected pitfall data on ants for over 3 years on 172 sites established across a network of conservation lands in coastal southern California. Although recovered native ant diversity for the study area was high, site‐occupancy models indicated the invasive and ecologically disruptive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) was present at 29% of sites, and sites located within 200 m of urban and agricultural areas were more likely to have been invaded. Within invaded sites, native ants were largely displaced, and their median species richness declined by more than 60% compared with uninvaded sites. At the time of planning, 24% of the 15,133‐ha reserve system established by Orange County NCCP fell within 200 m of an urban or agricultural edge. With complete build out of lands surrounding the reserve, the proportion of the reserve system vulnerable to invasion will grow to 44%. Our data indicate that simply protecting designated areas from development is not enough. If habitat conservation plans are to fulfill their conservation promise of ecosystem‐level protection, a more‐integrated and systematic approach to the process of habitat conservation planning is needed. 相似文献
1000.
MATTHEW SOMMERVILLE E.J. MILNER‐GULLAND MICHAEL RAHAJAHARISON JULIA P.G. JONES 《Conservation biology》2010,24(6):1488-1498
Abstract: Despite the growing interest in conservation approaches that include payments for environmental services (PES), few evaluations of the influence of such interventions on behaviors of individuals have been conducted. We used self‐reported changes in six legal and illegal forest‐use behaviors to investigate the way in which a PES for biodiversity conservation intervention in Menabe, Madagascar, influenced behavior. Individuals (n =864) from eight intervention communities and five control communities answered questions on their forest‐use behaviors before and after the intervention began, as well as on their reasons for changing and their attitudes to various institutions. The payments had little impact on individuals’ reported decisions to change behaviors, but it had a strong impact on individuals’ attitudes. Payments appeared to legitimize monitoring of behaviors by the implementing nongovernmental organization (NGO), but did not act as a behavioral driver in their own right. Although there were no clear differences between changes in behaviors in the intervention and control communities, the intervention did influence motivations for change. Fear of local forest associations and the implementing NGO were strong motivators for changing behavior in communities with the PES intervention, whereas fear of the national government was the main reason given for change in control communities. Behavioral changes were most stable where fear of local organizations motivated the change. Our results highlight the interactions between different incentives people face when making behavioral decisions and the importance of considering the full range of incentives when designing community‐based PES interventions. 相似文献