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571.
Bolzonella D Cavinato C Fatone F Pavan P Cecchi F 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2012,32(6):1196-1201
The paper reports the findings of a two-year pilot scale experimental trial for the mesophilic (35°C), thermophilic (55°C) and temperature phased (65+55°C) anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge. During the mesophilic and thermophilic runs, the reactor operated at an organic loading rate of 2.2 kgVS/m(3)d and a hydraulic retention time of 20 days. In the temperature phased run, the first reactor operated at an organic loading rate of 15 kgVS/m(3)d and a hydraulic retention time of 2 days while the second reactor operated at an organic loading rate of 2.2 kgVS/m(3)d and a hydraulic retention time of 18 days (20 days for the whole temperature phased system). The performance of the reactor improved with increases in temperature. The COD removal increased from 35% in mesophilic conditions, to 45% in thermophilic conditions, and 55% in the two stage temperature phased system. As a consequence, the specific biogas production increased from 0.33 to 0.45 and to 0.49 m(3)/kgVS(fed) at 35, 55, and 65+55°C, respectively. The extreme thermophilic reactor working at 65°C showed a high hydrolytic capability and a specific yield of 0.33 g COD (soluble) per gVS(fed). The effluent of the extreme thermophilic reactor showed an average concentration of soluble COD and volatile fatty acids of 20 and 9 g/l, respectively. Acetic and propionic acids were the main compounds found in the acids mixture. Because of the improved digestion efficiency, organic nitrogen and phosphorus were solubilised in the bulk. Their concentration, however, did not increase as expected because of the formation of salts of hydroxyapatite and struvite inside the reactor. 相似文献
572.
Summary. Summary. Oilseed rape, Brassica napus L. (cv Express),
plants were grown under three different sulphur regimes:
sulphur-free (S0), normal sulphur (Sn, normal field concentration)
and a sulphur-rich (S+, 2 × concentration of Sn). We
performed dual choice oviposition assays with the diamondback
moth, Plutella xylostella, using real plants and,
for the first time with this insect, artificial leaves sprayed
with methanolic leaf-surface extracts. The results mirrored
those of a separate study of preferences for whole plants.
Females laid more eggs on surrogate leaves that were
treated with Sn extracts than on S0 plants, while only a
slight, not significant, difference was observed between
extracts of normal and sulphur-rich plants. This shows
that chemical compounds on the leaf surface mediate the
oviposition preference and that the female insect can
perceive the quality of the host-plants in terms of their
fertilisation status.Since leaf volatiles are known to be oviposition stimulants,
we investigated the effects of leaf-surface extracts on
insect olfactory responses using electroantennograms
(EAGs). In agreement with the behavioural data, we found
that extracts of sulphur-treated plants yielded higher EAG
amplitudes than the S0 extracts. Since the leaf content of the
volatiles isothiocyanates is influenced by sulphur nutrition,
we analysed the extracts for these compounds. Above the
detection threshold of our GC-MS system, no isothiocyanates
were found. Thus, other compounds present in the
surface extracts must be perceived by the antenna.However, the HPLC analysis revealed 11 different
glucosinolates. Progoitrin (2-Hydroxy-3-butenyl) and
gluconapoleiferin (2-Hydroxy-4-pentenyl), which belong to
the hydroxy-alkene class of glucosinolates, were the most
abundant compounds. The total glucosinolate content
sharply increased from S0 to Sn plants, whereas it was slightly
lower in n versus S+ plants. Since it is known that glucosinolates
can stimulate oviposition, it seems likely that the
increased content we observed was influencing the insect
preference in this study too. 相似文献
573.
574.
Fabrizio Bert Giacomo Scaioli Maria Rosaria Gualano Stefano Passi Maria Lucia Specchia Chiara Cadeddu Cristina Viglianchino Roberta Siliquini 《Food and environmental virology》2014,6(2):67-74
Noroviruses are recognized as the leading cause of human acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. The rate of outbreaks on cruise ships has grown significantly in recent years. Given the potentially harmful consequences of outbreaks for passengers and crewmembers and the subsequently high costs for cruise companies, disease outbreaks on cruise ships represent a serious public health issue. The aim of our study was to systematically review published studies related to Norovirus outbreaks on commercial cruise ships. We searched the PubMed and Scopus scientific databases. We included eligible studies published from January 1990 to July 2013 that were written in English and described infectious episodes involving at least two passengers and/or crewmembers on a commercial cruise ship. As a result, 15 studies and seven reviews met the inclusion criteria, describing a total of 127 outbreaks. The majority of the cases were reported in Europe and the USA, affecting <1 to 74 % of the embarked passengers. In the majority of the studies, stool samples and/or serum specimens from ill passengers were collected and tested for laboratory confirmation. Twelve studies reported that an ad-hoc questionnaire was administered. Fifteen studies investigated the possible source of infection which was contaminated food in the majority of cases. Our findings suggest a strong need for the monitoring and implementation of preventive measures in semi-closed communities, such as cruise ships. It would be advisable to strengthen all relevant initiatives in order to improve the detection of, response to and control of Norovirus outbreaks on cruise ships. 相似文献
575.
M. Victoria L. F. L. Tort M. García A. Lizasoain L. Maya J. P. G. Leite M. P. Miagostovich J. Cristina R. Colina 《Food and environmental virology》2014,6(2):116-124
The aim of this study was to assess the viral contamination of group A rotavirus (RVA), norovirus (NoV), and human astrovirus (HAstV) in sewage directly discharged into Uruguay River and to characterize RVA genotypes circulating in Uruguay. For this purpose, sewage samples (n = 96) were collected biweekly from March 2011 to February 2012 in four Uruguayan cities: Bella Unión, Salto, Paysandú, and Fray Bentos. Each sample was concentrated by ultracentrifugation method. Qualitative and quantitative RT-PCR for RVA, NoV, and HAstV were performed. A wide dissemination of gastroenteric viruses was observed in the sewage samples analyzed with 80 % of positivity, being NoV (51 %) the most frequently detected followed by RVA with a frequency of 49 % and HAstV with 45 %. Genotypes of RVA were typed using multiplex semi-nested RT-PCR as follows: P[8] (n = 15), P[4] (n = 8), P[10] (n = 1), P[11] (n = 1), G2 (n = 29), and G3 (n = 2). The viral load ranged from 103 to 107 genomic copies/liter, and they were detected roughly with the same frequency in all participant cities. A peak of RVA and HAstV detection was observed in colder months (June to September), whereas no seasonality was observed for NoV. This study demonstrates for the first time, the high degree of gastroenteric viral contamination in the country; highlighting the importance of developing these analyses as a tool to determine the viral contamination in this hydrographic boundary region used by the local populations for recreation and consumption, establishing an elevated risk of gastroenteric diseases for human health. 相似文献
576.
Lucas A. Salas Laia Font-Riber Mariona Bustamante Lauro Sumoy Joan O. Grimalt Sarah Bonnin Maria Aguilar Heidi Mattlin Manuela Hummel Anna Ferrer Manolis Kogevinas Cristina M. Villanueva 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2017,29(8):250-261
Exposure to disinfection by-products(DBP) such as trihalomethanes(THM) in swimming pools has been linked to adverse health effects in humans, but their biological mechanisms are unclear. We evaluated short-term changes in blood gene expression of adult recreational swimmers after swimming in a chlorinated pool. Volunteers swam 40 min in an indoor chlorinated pool. Blood samples were drawn and four THM(chloroform,bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform) were measured in exhaled breath before and after swimming. Intensity of physical activity was measured as metabolic equivalents(METs). Gene expression in whole blood m RNA was evaluated using Illumina Human HT-12v3 Expression-Bead Chip. Linear mixed models were used to evaluate the relationship between gene expression changes and THM exposure. Thirty-seven before-after pairs were analyzed. The median increase from baseline to after swimming were: 0.7 to 2.3 for MET, and 1.4 to 7.1 μg/m~3 for exhaled total THM(sum of the four THM).Exhaled THM increased on average 0.94 μg/m~3 per 1 MET. While 1643 probes were differentially expressed post-exposure. Of them, 189 were also associated with exhaled levels of individual/total THM or MET after False Discovery Rate. The observed associations with the exhaled THM were low to moderate(Log-fold change range:-0.17 to 0.15). In conclusion, we identified short-term gene expression changes associated with swimming in a pool that were minor in magnitude and their biological meaning was unspecific. The high collinearity between exhaled THM levels and intensity of physical activity precluded mutually adjusted models with both covariates. These exploratory results should be validated in future studies. 相似文献
577.
Carlos Cerdan Cristina Gazulla Marco Raugei Eva Martinez Pere Fullana-i-Palmer 《Journal of Cleaner Production》2009,17(18):1638-1643
Eco-design is a valuable approach in order to reduce the environmental impact associated with a product system, by introducing environmental considerations early on in its design. Different strategies are possible for the implementation of eco-design, depending on the intended goals as well as the characteristics of the products. The present work proposes a series of eco-design indicators and tests to what extent the application of these simple indicators provides a reliable indication of the reduction of environmental impact, as measured by commonly employed Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) indicators. The product chosen for the case study was a water source heat pump. Two of the newly-developed indicators were applied and compared to LCIA indicators, focussing on design for disassembly and for recycling. A good and robust correlation was found, providing support to the thesis that these simple eco-design indicators can be used as a proxy to quickly and effectively gauge the environmental improvements introduced in a product system at the design stage. 相似文献
578.
Shawan Chowdhury Kristofer Gonzalez M. Çisel Kemahlı Aytekin Seung-Yun Baek Michał Bełcik Sandro Bertolino Sjoerd Duijns Yuqing Han Kerstin Jantke Ryosuke Katayose Mu-Ming Lin Elham Nourani Danielle Leal Ramos Marie-Morgane Rouyer William Sidemo-Holm Svetlana Vozykova Veronica Zamora-Gutierrez Tatsuya Amano 《Conservation biology》2022,36(4):e13883
English is widely recognized as the language of science, and English-language publications (ELPs) are rapidly increasing. It is often assumed that the number of non-ELPs is decreasing. This assumption contributes to the underuse of non-ELPs in conservation science, practice, and policy, especially at the international level. However, the number of conservation articles published in different languages is poorly documented. Using local and international search systems, we searched for scientific articles on biodiversity conservation published from 1980 to 2018 in English and 15 non-English languages. We compared the growth rate in publications across languages. In 12 of the 15 non-English languages, published conservation articles significantly increased every year over the past 39 years, at a rate similar to English-language articles. The other three languages showed contrasting results, depending on the search system. Since the 1990s, conservation science articles in most languages increased exponentially. The variation in the number of non-English-language articles identified among the search systems differed markedly (e.g., for simplified Chinese, 11,148 articles returned with local search system and 803 with Scopus). Google Scholar and local literature search systems returned the most articles for 11 and 4 non-English languages, respectively. However, the proportion of peer-reviewed conservation articles published in non-English languages was highest in Scopus, followed by Web of Science and local search systems, and lowest in Google Scholar. About 20% of the sampled non-English-language articles provided no title or abstract in English; thus, in theory, they were undiscoverable with English keywords. Possible reasons for this include language barriers and the need to disseminate research in countries where English is not widely spoken. Given the known biases in statistical methods and study characteristics between English- and non-English-language studies, non-English-language articles will continue to play an important role in improving the understanding of biodiversity and its conservation. 相似文献
579.
Amaral Rafaela Cristina Rohden Abrahão Bernardo Garcez Mônica Regina Andrade Jairo José de Oliveira 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2022,24(6):2439-2454
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Wood biomass fly ash can contribute to a more sustainable urban infrastructure, but requires efficient recycling strategies. This paper... 相似文献
580.
de Souza Silva Gabriela Muricy de Carvalho Batista Muniz Izabella Veloso Cristiane Martins Santos Leandro Soares de Melo Neto Biano Alves Bonomo Renata Cristina Ferreira 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2022,30(1):246-257
Journal of Polymers and the Environment - Starch is the main predominant food reserve in plants. Its characteristics stand out from other carbohydrates providing it with several industrial... 相似文献