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31.
Hansen TL Jansen Jl Davidsson A Christensen TH 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2007,27(3):398-405
Source-sorted municipal organic waste collected from different dwelling types in five Danish cities and pre-treated at three different plants was sampled and characterized several times during one year to investigate the origin of any differences in composition of the pre-treated waste introduced by city, pre-treatment technology, dwelling type or annual season. The investigated pre-treatment technologies were screw press, disc screen and shredder+magnet. The average quantity of pre-treated organic waste (biomass) produced from the incoming waste varied between the investigated pre-treatment technologies: 59%, 66% and 98% wet weight, respectively (41%, 34% and 2% reject, respectively). The pre-treatment technologies showed differences with respect to distribution of the chemical components in the waste between the biomass and the rejected material (reject), especially for dry matter, ash, collection bag material (plastic or paper) and easily degradable organic matter. Furthermore, the particle size of the biomass was related to the pre-treatment technology. The content of plastic in the biomass depended both on the actual collection bag material used in the system and the pre-treatment technology. The sampled reject consisted mostly of organic matter. For cities using plastic bags for the source-separated organic waste, the expected content of plastic in the reject was up to 10% wet weight (in some cases up to 20%). Batch tests for methane potential of the biomass samples showed only minor variations caused by the factors city, pre-treatment technology, dwelling type and season when based on the VS content of the waste (overall average 459STPm(3)/tVS). The amount of methane generated from 1t of collected waste was therefore mainly determined by the efficiency of the chosen pre-treatment technology described by the mass distribution of the incoming waste between biomass and reject. 相似文献
32.
Urban dwellers depend on the generation of ecosystem services for their welfare. The city of Stockholm is growing, and a 25% increase in population is projected by 2030. The effects of urban development were estimated through the quantification of nitrogen (N) leakage to the Baltic Sea under two urban development scenarios. We found that total net N load will increase by 6% or 8%, depending on which growth scenario is applied, and population increase by itself will contribute at least 15% of the point source N leakage. Technical improvements in sewage treatment could, according to our results, decrease total N load to the Baltic Sea by 4%. Based on our results, we conclude that proactive measures such as spatial urban planning can provide a constructive tool for sustainable urban development on regional as well as national and international scales, depending on geographical context as well as the ecosystem services' scale of operation. 相似文献
33.
Latorre A Malmqvist A Lacorte S Welander T Barceló D 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,147(3):648-655
The efficiency of several lab scale treatments (aerobic, anaerobic and ozone or combination of these) was evaluated using two packaging board mill whitewaters. The effect of the different treatments on the elimination of the organic load, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the toxicity was tested as well as the relationship between these parameters. Biocides, phenolic compounds, surfactants, plasticiziers and wood extractives were identified in untreated and treated whitewaters by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A strong dependency on the water type and treatment efficiency was observed, being the combination of anaerobic and aerobic treatments the best option to reduce the organic contaminants in these waters, although in some cases, the toxicity did not decrease. However, ozone as post-treatment permitted a further reduction of organic compounds, toxicity and COD. 相似文献
34.
Rodolfo Sosa E. Ann Wellens Mónica Jaimes Gilberto Fuentes G Elías Granados H. 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2020,70(10):1043-1059
ABSTRACT A case study was conducted to evaluate the SO2 emission reduction in a power plant in Central Mexico, as a result of the shifting of fuel oil to natural gas. Emissions of criteria pollutants, greenhouse gases, organic and inorganic toxics were estimated based on a 2010 report of hourly fuel oil consumption at the “Francisco Pérez Ríos” power plant in Tula, Mexico. For SO2, the dispersion of these emissions was assessed with the CALPUFF dispersion model. Emissions reductions of > 99% for SO2, PM and Pb, as well as reductions >50% for organic and inorganic toxics were observed when simulating the use of natural gas. Maximum annual (993 µg/m3) and monthly average SO2 concentrations were simulated during the cold-dry period (152–1063 µg/m3), and warm-dry period (239–432 µg/m3). Dispersion model results and those from Mexico City’s air quality forecasting system showed that SO2 emissions from the power plant affect the north of Mexico City in the cold-dry period. The evaluation of model estimates with 24 hr SO2 measured concentrations at Tepeji del Rio suggests that the combination of observations and dispersion models are useful in assessing the reduction of SO2 emissions due to shifting in fuels. Being SO2 a major precursor of acid rain, high transported sulfate concentrations are of concern and low pH values have been reported in the south of Mexico City, indicating that secondary SO2 products emitted in the power plant can be transported to Mexico City under specific atmospheric conditions. Implications: Although the surroundings of a power plant located north of Mexico City receives most of the direct SO2 impact from fuel oil emissions, the plume is dispersed and advected to the Mexico City metropolitan area, where its secondary products may cause acid rain. The use of cleaner fuels may assure significant SO2 reductions in the plant emissions and consequent acid rain presence in nearby populated cities and should be compulsory in critical areas to comply with annual emission limits and health standards. 相似文献
35.
Male reproductive success in free-ranging feral horses 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
C. S. Asa 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1999,47(1-2):89-93
In the social organization of feral horses, adult males compete to monopolize groups or bands of females, sometimes called
harems. Alternative male strategies are to remain alone or with other bachelors or, less commonly, to accept subordinate status
within a harem. The hypothesis that dominant harem stallion status confers a reproductive advantage was tested in free-ranging
feral horses. The presence of foals in harems headed by vasectomized (VSX) versus intact stallions was used to assess the
ability of these stallions to control reproduction in their harems. Of harems headed by VSX stallions, 17 and 33% contained
foals during years 2 and 3 post-treatment, respectively. In contrast, 86 and 80% of harems headed by non-VSX stallions contained
foals in those years. Acquisition of pregnant mares appeared more likely than sneak copulations by bachelor stallions to account
for foals in harems with a single stallion. However, most foals were born into harems that included a subordinate stallion,
an occurrence that was undoubtedly exacerbated by the extended breeding season resulting from the sterility of the harem stallion.
Thus, in comparing alternative reproductive tactics, bachelors appeared less successful than subordinate stallions within
a harem. However, the highest reproductive success was achieved by the harem stallion, further demonstrating that alternative
tactics are not equally profitable.
Received: 13 July 1999 / Received in revised form: 24 July 1999 / Accepted: 24 July 1999 相似文献
36.
Zeng QY Westermark SO Rasmuson-Lestander A Wang XR 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2006,8(1):153-160
Cladosporium is one of the most common airborne molds found in indoor and outdoor environments. Cladosporium spores are important aeroallergens, and prolonged exposure to elevated spore concentrations can provoke chronic allergy and asthma. To accurately quantify the levels of Cladosporium in indoor and outdoor environments, two real-time PCR systems were developed in this study. The two real-time PCR systems are highly specific and sensitive for Cladosporium detection even in a high background of other fungal DNAs. These methods were employed to quantify Cladosporium in aerosols of five different indoor environments. The investigation revealed a high spore concentration of Cladosporium (10(7) m(-3)) in a cow barn that accounted for 28-44% of the airborne fungal propagules. In a countryside house that uses firewood for heating and in a paper and pulp factory, Cladosporium was detected at 10(4) spores m(-3), which accounted for 2-6% of the fungal propagules in the aerosols. The concentrations of Cladosporium in these three indoor environments far exceeded the medical borderline level (3000 spores m(-3)). In a power station and a fruit and vegetable storage, Cladosporium was found to be a minor component in the aerosols, accounted for 0.01-0.1% of the total fungal propagules. These results showed that monitoring Cladosporium in indoor environments is more important than in outdoor environments from the public health point of view. Cladosporium may not be the dominant fungi in some indoor environments, but its concentration could still be exceeding the threshold value for clinical significance. The methods developed in this study could facilitate accurate detection and quantification of Cladosporium for public health related risk assessment. 相似文献
37.
Asa Davidsson Jes la Cour Jansen Bj?rn Appelqvist Christopher Gruvberger Martin Hallmer 《Waste management & research》2007,25(2):162-169
A study of existing organic waste types in Malm?, Sweden was performed. The purpose was to gather information about organic waste types in the city to be able to estimate the potential for anaerobic treatment in existing digesters at the wastewater treatment plan (WWTP). The urban organic waste types that could have a significant potential for anaerobic digestion amount to about 50 000 tonnes year(-1) (sludge excluded). Some of the waste types were further evaluated by methane potential tests and continuous pilot-scale digestion. Single-substrate digestion and co-digestion of pre-treated, source-sorted organic fraction of municipal solid waste, wastewater sludge, sludge from grease traps and fruit and vegetable waste were carried out. The experiments showed that codigestion of grease sludge and WWTP sludge was a better way of making use of the methane potential in the grease trap sludge than single-substrate digestion. Another way of increasing the methane production in sludge digesters is to add source-sorted organic fraction of municipal solid waste (SSOFMSW). Adding SSOFMSW (20% of the total volatile solids) gave a 10-15% higher yield than could be expected by comparison with separate digestion of sludge respective SSOFMSW. Co-digestion of sludge and organic waste is beneficial not just for increasing gas production but also for stabilizing the digestion process. This was seen when co-digesting fruit and vegetable waste and sludge. When co-digested with sludge, this waste gave a better result than the separate digestion of fruit and vegetable waste. Considering single-substrate digestion, SSOFMSW is the only waste in the study which makes up a sufficient quantity to be suitable as the base substrate in a full-scale digester that is separated from the sludge digestion. The two types of SSOFMSW tested in the pilot-scale digestion were operated successfully at mesophilic temperature. By adding SSOFMSW, grease trap sludge and fruit and vegetables waste to sludge digesters at the wastewater treatment plant, the yearly energy production from methane could be expected to increase from 24 to 43 GWh. 相似文献
38.
Javier Páramo-Vargas Silvia Gutiérrez Granados M. I. Maldonado-Rubio Juan M. Peralta-Hernández 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2016,14(1):149-154
Meat industries produce effluents containing high concentrations of organic and inorganic compounds, which must be removed before being discharged or reused. Advanced oxidation processes using Fenton reaction coupled with UV, solar radiation, and electrochemical oxidation are promising methods. Here, we treated the effluent from an anaerobic digester using: (a) the photoelectro-Fenton process, using a system with a Ti-RuO2 anode and a carbon felt cathode, (b) the solar photo-Fenton process, using a batch reactor and a compound parabolic collector, and (c) a combination of Fenton and solar photo-Fenton processes. The effluent had an initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 1159 mgL?1, and we obtained high removal efficiencies of COD, up to 95 %, using the combination of Fenton and solar photo-Fenton processes. 相似文献
39.
Tadayoshi Hitomi Yusaku Iwamoto Asa Miur Koji Hama Kyoji Takaki Eisaku Shiratani 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2010,22(6):885-891
The purpose of this work is to study the effect of a type of water-saving irrigation (WSI) on nutrient runo of paddy field. The
volume of surface drainage was maintained low by WSI. In particular, WSI e ectively reduced surface drainage in rain events. Model
simulation indicated that net runo load of total nitrogen (TN) from the paddy field was increased by WSI. Meanwhile, net runo loads
of total phosphorus (TP) and total organic carbon (TOC) from the paddy field was decreased by WSI. Because ponding waters of the
study fields were enriched with TP and TOC, WSI reduced runo of these nutrients by controlling the volume of surface drainage. WSI
could be considered an e cient method for reducing runo loads and could conserve water quality in an agricultural watershed. 相似文献
40.
Assar Doaa H. Asa Samah Abou El-Abasy Moshira A. Elbialy Zizy I. Shukry Mustafa Latif Amera Abd El BinMowyna Mona N. Althobaiti Norah A. El-Magd Mohammed A. 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(46):69798-69817
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most dangerous and that pollute agricultural products, inducing a variety of toxic effects in humans and animals. The... 相似文献