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211.
Interlaboratory comparison exercise for the analysis of PCDD/Fs in samples of digested sewage sludge
Joanna L. Stevens Nicholas J. L. Green Russell J. Bowater Kevin C. Jones 《Chemosphere》2001,45(8):1139-1150
Five UK laboratories participated in a study designed to explore the principal sources of interlaboratory variation in the analysis of PCDD/Fs in sewage sludge. Samples of wet sludge, dry sludge, toluene extract of sludge and cleaned extract of sludge were prepared by an organising laboratory. The samples were analysed in duplicate by each laboratory along with a solution of PCDD/F standards and reference sediment. Mean coefficients of variation between laboratories were 45% for the wet sludge, 33% for the dry sludge, 32% for the extract of sludge, 36% for the cleaned extract of sludge, 32% for the reference sediment and 28% for the standard solution. The results were subjected to statistical analysis, which showed that there was no specific part of the analysis that introduced a dominant part of the variation. The spread of data generated from the analysis of wet sludge samples was not appreciably greater than the spread for the analysis of cleaned extracts. Thus the drying, extraction and clean up processes in the PCDD/F analysis of wet sludge did not have a dramatic effect on the interlaboratory variation. 相似文献
212.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have gained substantial interest as a material for biomedical devices with reliable properties suitable for electrically conducting biomedical devices. While CNTs combine ideal properties for a number of tissue-interfacing applications, their biocompatibility and safety have been the source of considerable conjecture. This study outlines a method for evaluating biocompatibility, using a low-cost, short-term assessment model of CNT with primary cells, which are more representative of an in vivo situation than cell lines. It was demonstrated that carboxylate-modified, multi-walled CNTs exhibit cytotoxic behavior in as little as 6 hr of exposure to primary fibroblasts. The resultant cell death was concentration dependent, demonstrating the efficacy of acute assessment of cytocompatibility. Although cell viability remained relatively high (being above 85% for all CNT concentrations up to 500 μg/ml), these results reflect similar relationships found for longer term exposures. This method has reliable potential for high-throughput assessment and quality control of CNTs in biomedical applications using a primary cell model. 相似文献
213.
214.
D. J. Green H. L. Osmond M. C. Double A. Cockburn 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2000,48(6):438-446
Empirical and theoretical studies have only recently begun to examine how females use complex multi-component displays when
selecting mates. Superb fairy-wrens are well suited to the study of female choice because females have control over extra-group
paternity and cuckold their mates at high rates, while males possess a variety of sexually selected traits. Available evidence
suggests that females base their extra-group mate choice on the timing of male moult into breeding plumage or the onset of
display. However, males continue to perform elaborate displays throughout the season, and direct most displays to females
during their fertile period. We therefore conducted focal observations on fertile females to quantify the frequency of male
display and used microsatellite genotyping to compare the role of display rate during the breeding season and the timing of
male moult on female mate choice. We show that the addition of data on male display rate does not improve our ability to predict
which males obtain extra-group paternity. The timing of male moult into breeding plumage remains the only predictor of male
extra-group reproductive success. Nevertheless, we found that males displayed more to females that were unable to select extra-group
mates on the basis of the timing of moult or the onset of display. This raises the possibility that there are circumstances
when females use display rate to discriminate between potential extra-group sires. Overall this study supports the theoretical
prediction that females are more likely to base their mate choice on reliable indicators of male quality such as fixed morphological
traits and displays of endurance, in this case an early moult into breeding plumage and the performance of an elaborate display
during the winter, than a flexible behavioural trait such as display rate during the breeding season.
Received: 26 January 2000 / Revised: 1 August 2000 / Accepted: 26 August 2000 相似文献
215.
Rittenour WR Park JH Cox-Ganser JM Beezhold DH Green BJ 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2012,14(3):766-774
Traditional methods of assessing fungal exposure have been confounded by a number of limiting variables. The recent utilization of molecular methods such as internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing of ribosomal RNA genes has provided improved insight into the diversity of fungal bioaerosols in indoor, outdoor and occupational environments. However, ITS analyses may also be confounded by a number of methodological limitations. In this study, we have optimized this technology for use in occupational or environmental studies. Three commonly used DNA extraction methodologies (UltraClean Soil kit, High Pure PCR Template kit, and EluQuik/DNeasy kit) were compared in terms of sensitivity and susceptibility to PCR inhibitors in dust for three common fungal bioaerosols, Aspergillus versicolor, Rhizopus microsporus and Wallemia sebi. Environmental dust samples were then studied using each extraction methodology and results were compared to viable culture data. The extraction methods differed in terms of their ability to efficiently extract DNA from particular species of fungi (e.g. Aspergillus versicolor). In addition, the ability to remove PCR inhibitors from dust samples was most effective using the soil DNA extraction kit. The species composition varied greatly between ITS clone libraries generated with the different DNA extraction kits. However, compared to viable culture data, ITS clone libraries included additional fungal species that are incapable of growth on solid culture medium. Collectively, our data indicated that DNA extraction methodologies used in ITS sequencing studies of occupational or environmental dust samples can greatly influence the fungal species that are detected. 相似文献
216.
Changes in water level,land use,and hydrological budget in a semi-permanent playa lake,Southwest Spain 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rodríguez-Rodríguez M Green AJ López R Martos-Rosillo S 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(2):797-810
Medina playa lake, a Ramsar site in western Andalusia, is a brackish lowland lake of 120 ha with an average depth of 1 m.
Water flows into Medina from its 1,748-ha watershed, but the hydrology of the lake has not previously been studied. This paper
describes the application of a water budget model on a monthly scale over a 6-year period, based on a conceptual hydrological
model, and considers different future scenarios after calibration to improve the understanding of the lake’s hydrological
functioning. Climatic variables from a nearby weather station and observational data (water-level evolution) were used to
develop the model. Comparison of measured and predicted values demonstrated that each model component provided a reasonable
output with a realistic interaction among the components. The model was then used to explore the potential consequences of
land-use changes. Irrigation of olive groves would significantly reduce both the hydroperiod (becoming dry 15% of the time)
and the average depth of the lake (water level <0.5 m 40% of the time). On the other hand, removal of an artificial overflow
would double the average flooded surface area during high-water periods. The simulated water balance demonstrates that the
catchment outputs are dominated by lake evaporation and surface outflow from the lake system to a creek. Discrepancies between
predicted and observed water levels identify key areas of uncertainty for future empirical research. The study provides an
improved basis for future hydrological management of the catchment and demonstrates the wider utility of this methodology
in simulating this kind of system. This methodology provides a realistic appraisal of potential land-use management practices
on a catchment-wide scale and allows predictions of the consequences of climate change. 相似文献
217.
To assess potential health risks to benthic organisms from exposure to toxic contaminants, sediment chemistry data from five salt marshes along the coast of California were compared with threshold effects levels (TELs) and probable effects levels (PELs). As an integrated estimate of toxicity potential of multiple contaminants, mean PEL quotients (mPELQs) were used to categorize sampling stations into three groups: high (>0.5), medium (0.1–0.5) and low (<0.1). In all sediments from Stege Marsh located in San Francisco Bay, at least one contaminant exceeded PELs by up to 18-fold and mPELQs were higher than 0.7. Mean PELQs in two core sediments from eastern Stege Marsh ranged from 0.7 to 2.1, indicating that benthic organisms in Stege Marsh may have been adversely affected for several decades. To investigate bioavailability and bioaccumulation of contaminants in sediments, longjaw mudsuckers (Gillichthys mirabilis) were transplanted to six Stege Marsh stations for 60 days. Body burdens of organic contaminants clearly showed that they were readily available for benthic organisms. Measured concentrations of organic contaminants in mudsuckers were similar to estimated levels computed using a theoretical bioaccumulation potential model. Levels of PCBs and arsenic in mudsuckers were higher than screening values set as guidelines for the protection of humans and levels of PCBs and DDTs were higher than criteria for wildlife. The results of this study indicate that the levels of contaminants in Stege Marsh sediments may not fully support the well-being of benthic organisms and also may provoke adverse effects on fish-eating animals and humans through trophic transfer. 相似文献
218.
Recent discovery of low concentrations of bromacil in drinking water prompted the State of Hawaii to examine the leaching behavior of bromacil in pineapple fields. This study is a follow up to earlier work on bromacil concentrations in soil profiles in a pineapple field in central Oahu, Hawaii. Soil samples were collected for bromacil analysis at different times prior to and after application from a pineapple field that was previously surveyed by other research workers. The leaching pattern of bromacil was further investigated at two different application rates (2.25 and 1.8 kg ha(-1)). The concentration of bromacil in the topsoil about 100 days after bromacil application (1.8 kg ha(-1)) was substantially higher in 2002 compared to 1999. The distribution profiles were generally consistent with the one presented in the previous study. Residual bromacil was present in the entire sampled zone (3m deep) about 18 months after the previous bromacil application. Over a period of 9 months, there was substantial dissipation of bromacil residue present in the topsoil. The residual concentration of bromacil in the area that received the reduced application rate (1.8 kg ha(-1)) were lower than those receiving the current application rate (2.25 kg ha(-1)) and the depth of penetration of the bromacil front was shallower at the reduced application rate. Because of the common practice of placing plastic mulch around the base of the pineapple plants to retain volatile nematicides, the applied bromacil was found to be concentrated in the areas between the plastic mulch, transported by runoff from the plastic. The study results encourage the use of less than the label led rate of application of bromacil for pineapple fields. 相似文献
219.
A standardized method for assessment of oxidative transformations of brominated phenols in water 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The term persistence has been used to confusion since it is used as a conceptual parameter without a uniform definition. Work is therefore being done in order to unite ideas and describe persistence based on the chemical reactivity and chemico-physical properties of compounds via investigation of the main degradation pathways in the environment; photolysis, hydrolysis-substitution-elimination (hse), oxidation, reduction and radical reactions. The present work is focused on developing a method to determine oxidative degradation rates of chemicals and thereby measurement of their susceptibility to undergo oxidation reactions. The method based on potassium permanganate works well for water soluble compounds and is easy, robust, inexpensive and reproducible. By using the method and varying the analysed substances, the degradation rates for brominated phenols, two chlorinated phenols and high volume production compounds such as tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA) and bisphenol A (BPA) have been determined at pH 7.6+/-0.2. The reaction rates of the two halogenated BPA's are particularly fast, giving half-lives in seconds. The other test compounds have slower reaction rates but easily measured under the reaction conditions applied. The reactions are temperature dependent. There is evidence that pK(a) and the substitution pattern of the halogens affects the rate of the reactions. The method is robust and applicable for reaction rate constant measurements of present and potential future environmental contaminants. 相似文献
220.
Masoud Kayhanian Akshay Vichare Peter G. Green John Harvey 《Journal of environmental management》2009,90(11):3574-3580
Leachate metal pollutant concentrations produced from different asphalt and concrete pavement surfacing materials were measured under controlled laboratory conditions. The results showed that, in general, the concentrations of most metal pollutants were below the reporting limits. However, dissolved chromium was detected in leachate from concrete (but not asphalt) specimens and more strongly in the early-time leachate samples. As the leaching continued, the concentration of Cr decreased to below or close to the reporting limit. The source of the chromium in concrete pavement was found to be cement. The concentration of total Cr produced from leachate of different cement coming from different sources that was purchased from retail distributors ranged from 124 to 641 μg/L. This result indicates that the potential leachability of dissolved Cr from concrete pavement materials can be reduced through source control. The results also showed that the leachability of dissolved Cr in hardened pavement materials was substantially reduced. For example, the concentration of dissolved Cr measured in actual highway runoff was found to be much lower than the Cr concentration produced from leachate of both open and dense graded concrete pavement specimens under controlled laboratory study. It was concluded that pavement materials are not the source of pollutants of concern in roadway runoff; rather most pollutants in roadway surface runoff are generated from other road-use or land-use sources, or from (wet or dry) atmospheric deposition. 相似文献