Beijing's Water Resources: Challenges and Solutions

Beijing's local water resources have been overexploited and the ecological and environmental pressures exceed the carrying capacity of this densely populated megacity. This article examines the current status of Beijing's water resources with respect to its industrial, residential, and eco‐environmental water usage and the challenges it may face in the near future. The article describes the context of water uses, the steps taken by Beijing to alleviate the water shortage problems, and challenges to Beijing's abilities to meet its urgent and future water needs. A multipronged strategy is proposed that aims at both the present problems and the anticipated future challenges. In particular, engineering and institutional approaches for Beijing's successful transition from overexploitation to sustainable utilization of water resources are explained. Actions include reasonable water utilization, water conservation, reclaimed wastewater, and importing water from neighboring areas. We conclude that Beijing must take additional steps in water resource management to ensure its sustainable development that involves continued urbanization sprawls and population growth. Future water resource management strategies should focus on strengthening water demand management through water conservation, efficient interbasin water transfers, use of nontraditional water resources, strategically reserving water supply, and promoting rehabilitation of the eco‐environments.     

废水中聚丙烯酰胺在H-Beta分子筛上的吸附特性

将H-Beta用于处理含聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)的驱油废水,研究了PAM在H-Beta上的吸附动力学和热力学特征,并考察了吸附条件对吸附效果的影响.结果表明,吸附过程遵循准二级动力学模型;在低PAM初始浓度(100 mg·L-1)时,吸附表观活化能40 k J·mol-1,说明H-Beta对PAM的吸附以化学吸附为主;在高PAM初始浓度(200和500 mg·L-1)时,吸附活化能降低,吸附向物理吸附转变.吸附等温线在低平衡浓度区符合Langmuir模型,25、40和50℃时的单层饱和吸附量分别达到70.2、76.9和90.9 mg·g-1;在高平衡浓度区符合Freundlich模型,表现为多层吸附.吸附主要来自氢键作用,为自发的吸热过程.p H为2~4,吸附剂用量为5 g·L-1时,具有更优的吸附效果.真实废水中油和盐类的存在对PAM在H-Beta上的吸附未产生不利影响.     

吉林西部盐碱田土壤蔗糖酶活性和有机碳分布特征及其相关关系

盐碱水田生长期对大气具有碳汇作用,研究其碳循环机制对全球碳减排和全球气候变化有着重要作用和意义。为进一步探究盐碱水田生态系统碳循环过程中土壤酶对有机碳的影响,选取吉林西部盐碱水田区为对象,细化生长期的不同阶段,分别于未种植水稻时、水稻幼苗期、分蘖期、抽穗期、结实期前往吉林西部典型灌区前郭县进行0~10、10~20、20~30、30~40、40~50 cm分层采样,并马上回实验室用总有机碳分析仪测定有机碳含量,用3,5—二硝基水杨酸比色法测定土壤蔗糖酶活性,研究水稻不同生长时期土壤蔗糖酶活性及土壤有机碳在0~50 cm土层的分布特征,探讨蔗糖酶活性与土壤有机碳的关系。结果表明:表层土壤蔗糖酶活性最高,在不同生长期其活性均随着土壤剖面深度的增加显著降低,并且酶活性主要集中在0~20cm的土层中;抽穗期和结实期0~10 cm土层土壤有机碳含量分别为1.30和1.31 g·kg-1,低于10~20 cm土层1.57和1.51 g·kg-1,其余时期土壤有机碳含量随着土壤剖面深度的增加显著降低。经相关分析表明,土壤蔗糖酶活性与土壤有机碳间呈显著正相关关系,其中幼苗期蔗糖酶活性与有机碳含量的相关系数最高为0.97。吉林西部盐碱水田土壤蔗糖酶活性的剖面分异与土壤有机碳含量密切相关,土壤蔗糖酶活性对土壤有机碳库有显著的影响。     

通辽市种质资源保护与制种产业规划研究

种质资源的保存和利用,对选育产、优质、抗逆、抗病新品种具有重要意义。随着遗传多样性的不断丢失,种质资源重要性认识的加深,对种质资源的保护越来越受到重视。本研究以通辽市种质资源保护及制种产业发展为切入点,从案例区现状及问题分析入手,深入剖析了通辽市的种质资源及制种产业发展的基础条件,提出种质资源的保护思路、原则及战略,确定种质资源的保护目标、制种产业的发展思路与产业布局、制种产业发展重点任务,最后对发展的综合效益进行评价,制定产业发展的保障措施,进而形成完整的制种产业发展规划思路,为生态脆弱的欠发达民族地区的制种产业发展提供借鉴。     

PM_(2.5)手工法与自动法比对差异及其与气象条件影响关系分析

通过在杭州、衢州和温州三个城市开展PM2.5手工法和自动法比对试验,分析PM2.5手工法和自动法的比对差异及其与气象条件的影响关系,以期为PM2.5自动监测的现场手工比对工作积累一定的经验,确保PM2.5自动监测数据的准确性。     

Physico-chemical characterization and source tracking of black carbon at a suburban site in Beijing

Particles from ambient air and combustion sources including vehicle emission, coal combustion and biomass burning were collected and chemically pretreated with the purpose of obtaining isolated BC (black carbon) samples. TEM (transmission electron microscopy) results indicate that BC from combustion sources shows various patterns, and airborne BC appears spherical and about 50 nm in diameter with a homogeneous surface and turbostratic structure. The BET (Barrett–Emmett–Teller) results suggest that the surface areas of these BC particles fall in the range of 3–23 m²/g, with a total pore volume of 0.03–0.05 cm³/g and a mean pore diameter of 7–53 nm. The nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms are indicative of the accumulation mode and uniform pore size. O₂-TPO (temperature programmed oxidation) profiles suggest that the airborne BC oxidation could be classified as the oxidation of amorphous carbon, which falls in the range of 406–490°C with peaks at 418, 423 and 475°C, respectively. Generally, the BC characteristics and source analysis suggest that airborne BC most likely comes from diesel vehicle emission at this site.     

Hg0 removal from flue gas over different zeolites modified by FeCl3

The elemental mercury removal abilities of three different zeolites(Na A, Na X, HZSM-5)impregnated with iron(Ⅲ) chloride were studied on a lab-scale fixed-bed reactor. X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption porosimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and temperature programmed desorption(TPD) analyses were used to investigate the physicochemical properties. Results indicated that the pore structure and active chloride species on the surface of the samples are the key factors for physisorption and oxidation of Hg0, respectively. Relatively high surface area and micropore volume are beneficial to efficient mercury adsorption. The active Cl species generated on the surface of the samples were effective oxidants able to convert elemental mercury(Hg0)into oxidized mercury(Hg2+). The crystallization of Na Cl due to the ion exchange effect during the impregnation of Na A and Na X reduced the number of active Cl species on the surface, and restricted the physisorption of Hg0. Therefore, the Hg0 removal efficiencies of the samples were inhibited. The TPD analysis revealed that the species of mercury on the surface of Fe Cl3–HZSM-5 was mainly in the form of mercuric chloride(Hg Cl2), while on Fe Cl3–Na X and Fe Cl3–Na A it was mainly mercuric oxide(Hg O).     

Vehicular volatile organic compounds losses due to refueling and diurnal process in China: 2010–2050

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are crucial to control air pollution in major Chinese cities since VOCs are the dominant factor influencing ambient ozone level, and also an important precursor of secondary organic aerosols. Vehicular evaporative emissions have become a major and growing source of VOC emissions in China. This study consists of lab tests, technology evaluation, emissions modeling, policy projections and cost-benefit analysis to draw a roadmap for China for controlling vehicular evaporative emissions. The analysis suggests that evaporative VOC emissions from China's light-duty gasoline vehicles were approximately 185,000 ton in 2010 and would peak at 1,200,000 ton in 2040 without control. The current control strategy implemented in China, as shown in business as usual (BAU) scenario, will barely reduce the long-term growth in emissions. Even if Stage II gasoline station vapor control policies were extended national wide (BAU + extended Stage II), there would still be over 400,000 ton fuel loss in 2050. In contrast, the implementation of on-board refueling vapor recovery (ORVR) on new cars could reduce 97.5% of evaporative VOCs by 2050 (BAU + ORVR/BAU + delayed ORVR). According to the results, a combined Stage II and ORVR program is a comprehensive solution that provides both short-term and long-term benefits. The net cost to achieve the optimal total evaporative VOC control is approximately 62 billion CNY in 2025 and 149 billion CNY in 2050.     

Economic analysis of atmospheric mercury emission control for coal-fired power plants in China

Coal combustion and mercury pollution are closely linked, and this relationship is particularly relevant in China, the world's largest coal consumer. This paper begins with a summary of recent China-specific studies on mercury removal by air pollution control technologies and then provides an economic analysis of mercury abatement from these emission control technologies at coal-fired power plants in China. This includes a cost-effectiveness analysis at the enterprise and sector level in China using 2010 as a baseline and projecting out to 2020 and 2030. Of the control technologies evaluated, the most cost-effective is a fabric filter installed upstream of the wet flue gas desulfurization system (FF + WFGD). Halogen injection (HI) is also a cost-effective mercury-specific control strategy, although it has not yet reached commercial maturity. The sector-level analysis shows that 193 tons of mercury was removed in 2010 in China's coal-fired power sector, with annualized mercury emission control costs of 2.7 billion Chinese Yuan. Under a projected 2030 Emission Control (EC) scenario with stringent mercury limits compared to Business As Usual (BAU) scenario, the increase of selective catalytic reduction systems (SCR) and the use of HI could contribute to 39 tons of mercury removal at a cost of 3.8 billion CNY. The economic analysis presented in this paper offers insights on air pollution control technologies and practices for enhancing atmospheric mercury control that can aid decision-making in policy design and private-sector investments.