川南页岩气区块生命周期用水核算

选取川南页岩气区块为研究对象,运用过程生命周期评估和投入产出生命周期方法核算页岩气开采生命周期的直接和间接用水量,并与美国Marcellus页岩气区块用水量进行比较。川南区块总直接用水量为22 928 m^3/井,高于Marcellus区块的总直接用水量15 320 m^3/井。从生命周期阶段来看,川南页岩气开采钻井和压裂阶段的直接用水均远大于Marcellus区块。结合水环境管理指标,自然资源禀赋条件主要决定了直接用水量的差异。川南区块总间接用水量为25 098 m^3/井,超过总直接用水量,约为Marcellus区块总间接用水量的3倍。除井场准备阶段外,其余阶段的间接用水量均大于Marcellus区块,间接用水量的差异与钻井和压裂过程的添加剂、能源使用量和全行业用水效率有关。减少川南区块页岩气开发用水量的主要途径包括提高钻井液和压裂液回用率、改善钻井和压裂添加剂使用效率、提高柴油和电力等能源利用效率和全行业用水效率。     

Investigation of three system shut-down strategies alongside optimization suggestion for proton exchange membrane fuel cells via in-situ measurements

ABSTRACT

Carbon corrosion caused by H₂/O₂ interface during the shut-down process is one of the factors that exacerbate the overall degradation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) in automotive applications. Numerous studies have shown that system strategies are beneficial for reducing the duration of H₂/O₂ interface and alleviating performance degradation. In this paper, three different shut-down strategies are investigated and compared based on the internal behaviors acquired by in-situ measurements. For the three shut-down strategies, reverse current and high potential are mainly observed in a lower constant current and constant power strategy. Comparatively speaking, the internal uniformity of the cell under constant current and power load is better than that with constant voltage strategy when the shut-down time is about the same. The results suggest that adopting a higher constant power load followed by a larger voltage load during the shut-down process can effectively shorten the shut-down time and relieve carbon corrosion. These results add significant new insights into the shut-down process and will be of practical importance in directing design of combined shut-down strategy that can withstand carbon corrosion.     

拉萨市垃圾填埋场地下水水质的居民健康风险评价

对拉萨市垃圾填埋场地区地下水6个监测井中的Cr~(6+)、As、Cd、Pb、NO~-_3-N、F~-、Cl~-指标采用美国环保局USEPA推荐的健康风险评价模型,按照不同人群进行健康风险评价.评价结果表明,通过暴露剂量计算,在饮水途径和皮肤接触途径下非致癌物暴露剂量一般高于致癌物暴露剂量;饮水途径暴露剂量高于皮肤接触途径下的暴露剂量.致癌污染物在饮水途径下风险值大于皮肤接触途径下的风险值,其中饮水途径下风险贡献为Cr~(6+)AsCd,Cr~(6+)风险值超过USEPA的最大可接受水平1×10~(-4);在皮肤接触途径下贡献为Cr~(6+)AsCd,Cr~(6+)的风险值超过瑞典环保局、荷兰建设环保局、英国皇家协会和IAEA最大可接受风险水平;非致癌风险的污染物贡献最大的是Cl~-,其通过饮水暴露途径在成人中风险值高于瑞典环保局(1×10~(-6))、荷兰建设环保局(1×10~(-6))、英国皇家协会(1×10~(-6))和IAEA(5×10~(-7))最大可接受水平.因此,致癌物中Cr~(6+)成为主要的致癌物,人们在饮水中要将其去除,起到预防癌症和减少患癌的几率.     

Pesticide wastewater treatment using the combination of the microbial electrolysis desalination and chemical-production cell and Fenton process

• MEDCC combined with Fenton process was developed to treat real pesticide wastewater. • Pesticide removal was attributable to desalination in the MEDCC. • High COD removal was attributable to organic distributions in different chambers. The combination of the microbial electrolysis desalination and chemical-production cell (MEDCC) and Fenton process for the pesticide wastewater treatment was investigate in this study. Real wastewater with several toxic pesticides, 1633 mg/L COD, and 200 in chromaticity was used for the investigation. Results showed that desalination in the desalination chamber of MEDCC reached 78%. Organics with low molecular weights in the desalination chamber could be removed from the desalination chamber, resulting in 28% and 23% of the total COD in the acid-production and cathode chambers, respectively. The desalination in the desalination chamber and organic transfer contributed to removal of pesticides (e.g., triadimefon), which could not be removed with other methods, and of the organics with low molecular weights. The COD in the effluent of the MEDCC combined the Fenton process was much lower than that in the perixo-coagulaiton process (<150 vs. 555 mg/L). The combined method consumed much less energy and acid for the pH adjustment than that the Fenton.     

西藏生活垃圾填埋场周边地表水环境质量调查评价

采用标准指数法、综合评价法和灰色关联分析法对西藏地区4个典型垃圾填埋场周边地表水环境质量进行分析和评价。结果表明：各填埋场各评价因子均满足《地表水环境质量标准》（GB 3838—2002）Ⅲ类标准;各填埋场临近地表水环境综合水质均呈现上游监测点优于下游监测点;综合水质现状为尚清洁—清洁;灰色关联分析法评价结果为工布江达县生活垃圾填埋场下游监测点水质为Ⅱ类,其他填埋场各监测点水质均为Ⅰ类。各填埋场临近地表水水质现状满足其水域功能区要求,受填埋场污染环境影响较小。     

Experimental study on reuse of recycled concrete aggregates for load-bearing components of building structures

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Recycled aggregates recovered from abandoned buildings or demolished concrete structures were reused to produce concrete columns as new building...     

活性焦烟气净化技术及其在我国的应用前景

活性焦烟气净化技术是利用活性焦的吸附、催化功能对烟气进行深度净化的干法处理技术,可达到同时脱硫脱硝的目的。通过加热再生活性焦,可获得高浓度的SO2气体,用于生产硫酸、液体二氧化硫或硫磺,有效回收硫资源。该技术具有流程简单、占地面积小、无二次污染、费用低、应用范围广等特点。从机理、流程及经济可行性等方面对该技术进行了分析。针对我国国情及硫资源状况,提出活性焦烟气净化技术在我国有着良好的应用前景。     

碳羟磷灰石的制备及其对水中Cu2+的吸附

以废弃蛋壳为原料、尿素为添加剂,采用掺杂技术制备碳羟磷灰石（CHAP）,并用其作吸附剂去除水中的Cu^2＋。考察了Cu^2＋的初始质量浓度、pH、吸附时间、CHAP加入量及温度等因素对CHAP吸附Cu^2＋效果的影响。实验结果表明,在温度40℃、溶液pH6、搅拌1h后静置1h的条件下,用5g／L的CHAP处理Cu^2＋初始质量浓度为60mg／L的水溶液,Cu^2＋去除率为99．30％。吸附等温线基本符合Freundlich和Langmuir方程。     

波形潜流湿地处理低浓度生活污水

本文主要研究不同水力负荷条件下,波形潜流人工湿地对低浓度生活污水中有机物、氮和磷的去除效果及其影响因素。低、中、高水力负荷分别为0·2、0·4、0·8m3/(m2·d),处理低浓度生活污水试验研究表明:水力负荷对CODCr和TP的去除率有一定的影响,都是随着水力负荷的增大而下降;对NH3-N和TN的去除效果几乎没有影响。     

Analysis of spatial–temporal distributions of nitrate-N concentration in Shitoukoumen catchment in northeast China

This article discusses the generation and migration process of nitrate-N pollution in shallow groundwater caused by agricultural nonpoint source pollution in the catchment area of Shitoukoumen Reservoir in northeast China. By monitoring the shallow groundwater nitrate-N in the low-water period, the normal season, and high-flow period in the study area for a year, it was found that the nitrate-N concentration in the shallow groundwater of this area had a seasonal variation in both spatial and time distribution. In the time distribution, the peak value appeared in July, the high-flow period, and the valley value appeared in April, the low-water period, and showed a significant correlation with the time distribution of fertilization rate and rainfall. In the spatial distribution of nitrate-N pollution, when the distribution in shallow groundwater was analyzed separately in the three different periods (low-water period, the normal season, and high-flow period) and the discipline transference and enrichment of nitrate-N pollution in shallow groundwater was determined, this indicated that the region in the southeast study area where runoff conditions were better was less contaminated, and the region where runoff conditions were poor, as well as the region along the river were seriously polluted. The nitrate-N concentration in shallow groundwater was distributed mainly along the path of groundwater flow and was excreted in the drainage region. This showed that the spatial distribution of nitrate-N concentration in the shallow groundwater of the entire region was mainly controlled by the groundwater flow system. At the same time, in the middle and lower reaches of the study area, the seasonal changes in the recharged–excreted relationship between groundwater and river caused seasonal differences in the spatial distribution of nitrate-N pollution in groundwater. The combined effects of the groundwater mobility and the surface river resulted in a poor correlation between the groundwater nitrate-N concentration and land-use types. Only in the plain area where there was little influence from groundwater runoff and the surface river did the groundwater nitrate-N concentration correlate with land-use types. The spatial and time distribution of nitrate-N concentration in the shallow groundwater of the study area was impacted by agricultural nonpoint source pollution, the groundwater flow system, and the surface river and formed a concentration response system which uses basins as a unit.