泸州市纳溪区农村环境污染现状及治理对策研究

随着农村经济发展和现代化进程的加快,农村环境状况日益恶化,农村环境形势十分严峻。农村生态环境受到破坏,不仅给农民身体健康带来危害,还制约了农村经济社会的可持续发展。因此,在泸州市纳溪区新农村建设中,解决农村环境问题已经成为当务之急。文章介绍了纳溪区农村环境污染现状,指出存在的主要问题及成因,最后根据该地区的具体特点提出农村环境污染的对策建议。     

Biodegradation of 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate in river sediments and its impact on microbial communities

Numerous studies have evaluated the toxicity and endocrine disrupting properties of organic UV filters for aquatic organisms, but little is known about their biodegradation in river sediments and their impact on microorganisms. We have set up the sterile and microbiological systems in the laboratory, adding 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC), one of organic UV filters included in the list of high yield chemicals, at concentrations of 2, 20 and 200 μg/L, and characterized the microbial community composition and diversity in sediments. Monitoring of EHMC degradation within 30 days revealed that the half-life in the microbial system (3.49 days) was much shorter than that in the sterile system (7.55 days). Two potential degradation products, 4-mercaptobenzoic acid and 3-methoxyphenol were identified in the microbial system. Furthermore, high-throughput 16s and 18s rRNA gene sequencing showed that Proteobacteria dominated the sediment bacterial assemblages followed by Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Nitrospirae; Eukaryota_uncultured fungus dominated the sediment fungal assemblages. Correlation analysis demonstrated that two bacterium genera (Anaerolineaceae_uncultured and Burkholderiaceae_uncultured) were significantly correlated with the biodegradation of EHMC. These results illustrate the biodegradability of EHMC in river sediments and its potential impact on microbial communities, which can provide useful information for eliminating the pollution of organic UV filters in natural river systems and assessing their potential ecological risks.     

废气再循环系统参数对柴油机燃烧特征的影响

为进一步优化柴油机燃烧过程,减少燃烧污染物排放.围绕EGR（exhaust gas recirculation,废气再循环技术）废气组分和废气温度等系统参数对柴油机燃烧特征的影响机制,采用试验与模拟相结合方法,分别研究了通入废气、N₂、CO₂时以及不同EGR废气温度时对柴油机燃烧过程的影响,阐明了燃烧关键中间产物的生成规律.结果表明,①通入CO₂时,柴油机的缸内最大爆发压力和放热率峰值最低,滞燃期最长,燃烧持续期最短,·OH、H₂O₂、CH₂O·和CO等关键中间组分的生成规律与通入N₂时相反.②通入N₂时,柴油机的缸内最大爆发压力和放热率峰值最高,滞燃期最短,燃烧持续期最长并;并且通入N₂时,·OH的峰值最高,形成时刻最早,H₂O₂、CH₂O·以及CO的峰值均有所降低且形成时刻提前.③随着废气温度增加,缸内最大爆发压力降低,放热率曲线由单峰向双峰分布发展,放热率峰值有较大幅度的降低,滞燃期缩短,燃烧持续延长,缸内·OH、H₂O₂、CH₂O·以及CO的峰值均有所降低,并且生成的区域范围变窄.④废气成分中,CO₂对燃烧过程和关键中间产物的影响最大,是阻滞燃烧反应的主要气体成分,通过控制EGR废气成分和温度可以有效改善柴油机燃烧过程,拓宽EGR技术的工况使用范围.研究显示,EGR废气成分对燃烧中间产物的自由基衍化历程影响较大,有必要进一步开展EGR废气成分预处理研究,精确控制EGR废气温度,有助于改善燃烧过程,控制排放污染物中间产物的生成历程和排放量.      

太湖北部湾多氯联苯分布特征及生态风险评价

采用GC-ECD联用检测技术分析了太湖北部贡湖大贡山(1号点)、小贡山(2号点)与梅梁湖马山(3号点)、拖山(4号点)不同季节10种PCB同系物(PCB28、52、101、112、118、138、153、155、180、198)的含量.其中含量最高的为三氯联苯PCB28与四氯联苯PCB52,占总量的50%～69%,其次分别为五氯联苯与六氯联苯,而PCB180与PCB198基本未检出.不同监测点表现出了季节变化,受"引江济太"调长江水人太湖的影响,贡湖中1号点与2号点监测点夏季PCB总量高于其它季节,而梅梁湖受周围生产及竺山湖大桥入污影响,3号点监测点不同季节PCBs总量变化不显著,4号点监测点春季高于冬季,夏季受高温影响,PCBs总量出现最小值.采用生态风险值与毒性当量法对沉积物中PCBs进行了风险评价.太湖北部湾底泥中PCBs总量较低,未对生态构成严重威胁,但由于这类物质的生态累积效应,其潜在危害仍不容忽视.     

太阳能技术在新疆油田的应用研究

以新疆地区太阳能开发优越的自然条件分析为基础,介绍了太阳能发电抽油机技术、供热水的应用,以及太阳能发电供热水的技术原理、系统构成、重要技术参数等。通过实际应用,解析了太阳能利用中最关键的经济效益和节能减排效益两方面的问题,并通过与常规燃煤火力发电技术的对比分析,证明了太阳能发电供热的技术优越性。太阳能发电供热的大规模推广应用,对响应国家节能减排政策,提高油田的节能减排效益和经济效益,创建绿色油气田具有深远的意义。     

仿酶型磁性Fe~0-Fe_3O_4复合催化剂的制备及其催化性能

采用原位氧化沉淀法制备出仿酶型磁性Fe0-Fe_3O_4复合催化剂,并将其作为非均相类Fenton催化剂用于溶液中对硝基苯酚的降解;采用SEM和XRD等技术对催化剂进行了表征。表征结果显示,Fe_3O_4与Fe0结合牢固,有利于Fe0的分散。实验结果表明:Fe0-Fe_3O_4对对硝基苯酚的降解为拟一级反应;在Fe0与Fe_3O_4的质量比为0.75、Fe0-Fe_3O_4投加量为1.2 g/L、初始H_2O_2浓度为10 mmol/L、初始溶液p H为3、反应温度为30℃的条件下反应90min,反应速率常数为0.067 min-1,COD去除率为77.28%,Fe溶出量为2.12 mg/L;在对硝基苯酚的降解过程中,pH先增大后减小,Fe溶出量先降低后升高;Fe0-Fe_3O_4是一种稳定的催化剂,可再生使用。     

Characteristics of size distributions and sources of water-soluble ions in Lhasa during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons

To understand the physical and chemical characteristics, particle size distribution and sources of size-separated aerosols in Lhasa, which is located on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), six sizes of aerosol samples were collected in Lhasa in 2014. Ca²⁺, NH₄⁺, NO₃^?, SO₄^2?and Cl^? were the dominant ions. The ratio of cation equivalents (CE) to anion equivalents (AE) for each particle size segment indicated that the atmospheric aerosols in Lhasa were alkaline. SO₄^2? and NO3^? could be neutralized by Ca²⁺, but could not be neutralized by NH₄⁺, according to the [NH₄⁺]/[NO₃^??+?SO₄^2?] and [Ca²⁺]/[NO₃^??+?SO₄^2?] ratios. Mobile sources were dominant in PM_0.95–1.5, PM_1.5–3 and PM_3–7.2, while stationary sources were dominant in the other three size fractions according to the [NO₃^?]/[SO₄^2?] ratios. The particle size distribution of all water-soluble ions during monsoon and non-monsoon periods was characterized by a bimodal distribution due to the different sources and formation mechanisms, and it was revealed that different ions had different sources in different seasons and different particle size segments by combining particle size distribution with correlation analysis. Source analysis of aerosols in Lhasa was performed using the Principal component analysis (PCA) for the first time, which revealed that combustion sources, motor vehicle exhaust, photochemical reaction sources and various types of dust were the main sources of Lhasa aerosols. Furthermore, Lhasa''s air quality was also affected by long-distance transmission, expressed as pollutants from South Asiaand West Asia, which were transmitted to Lhasa according to backward trajectory analysis.     

介质加载混凝过程中磷和溶解性有机物的去除特征及混凝机理

为考察介质加载混凝过程中污染物去除特征与探讨混凝机理,考察了不同形态的磷和溶解性有机物(DOM)的变化,并结合混凝絮体粒径与形貌,分析了介质加载的混凝机理。结果表明：溶解性污染物主要去除机制为聚合氯化铝(PAC)水解产物的吸附和螯合作用,高芳香性、腐殖化和分子质量为4 000~50 000 Da的DOM去除率较高;石英砂可强化去除悬浮态磷及腐殖酸类DOM;磁种可强化有机磷、${\rm{PO}}_4^{3 - }$-P和DOM的去除效果;回收磁种的微絮体结构使其对磷与大分子DOM具有更好的去除效果。介质加载混凝过程的关键作用在于形成密实性絮体,从而增强了絮体的强度和沉降性能,实现了污泥减量。研究结果可为介质加载混凝在水处理中的推广应用提供参考。     

聚合硫酸铁中碱化度的分析方法

本文着重介绍了聚合硫酸铁中碱化度的分析方法，其方法可靠、准确，对聚合铁的质量分析及生产指导均有较大帮助。