苏丹六区减粘装置风险评价

介绍了采用假想故障的方法对苏丹六区减粘装置进行风险评价的过程及实例,说明了风险评价的作用。     

聚苯胺/电气石电极对微生物燃料电池的影响

文章以电气石和聚苯胺为材料,利用电化学方法来修饰石墨电极。其中以石墨电极、聚苯胺修饰的石墨电极和聚苯胺、电气石共同修饰的石墨电极作对照实验,分别为微生物燃料电池反应器1、2和3的生物阴极材料。生物阴极型微生物燃料电池是以微生物作为阴极的催化剂,微生物催化剂相比贵金属它不仅降低了微生物燃料电池应用的成本,而且还可以保持高的催化性能。因此,寻找一种高电导率、高生物适应性以及能够加强生物催化性能的电极材料对微生物燃料电池的发展有很大的影响。当反应器外电路电阻控制在800Ω时,反应器1、2和3的最大输出电压稳定在(0.20±0.005)、(0.26±0.005)和(0.37±0.005)V,同时反应器1、2和3的最大功率密度分别为54、138和266 m W/m2。而循环伏安曲线的结果也表明聚苯胺、电气石修饰的电极材料催化性能优于其余2种电极材料。因此说明电气石适合作为修饰生物阴极的材料。     

通辽市生物多样性保护功能分区与布局研究

人类对土地利用的强度和范围不断扩大,导致生态系统承受的压力增加,物种资源不断丧失,生物多样性受到严重威胁。本文以通辽市为例,将定量与定性分析相结合,遵循地域分异、发生学、主导性、相似性、系统整合协调等分区原则,将通辽市生物多样性保护分为5个功能区,建立区域生态文明建设样板,引领生态脆弱的欠发达边缘民族地区生态文明建设。     

蕉园土壤因子与香蕉枯萎病发病的相关性研究

香蕉枯萎病（Fusarium oysporum f.cubense）是当前严重威胁我国华南地区香蕉生产的重要土传病害,目前尚未找到有效的防治方法。于2010年采集了3个典型香蕉枯萎病患病样地（尖峰、冲坡、十月田）和2个健康样地（临高、广州）的根际与非根际土壤样品共46份,采用常规分析方法测定了19项土壤理化指标含量。旨在从农艺措施的角度考虑香蕉枯萎病的防治提供理论依据。结果表明：健康蕉园的大多理化性状和养分含量高于患病蕉园。尤以土壤粘粒、有机质、CEC、全N、全P、有效P、有效Cu、有效Fe、有效B和交换性Ca含量表现更为明显,其在健康蕉园中的含量均为患病蕉园的1.5倍以上。同一患病蕉园根际土壤中的pH值随植株感病级别增加而上升,而有效P和有效B含量随植株感病级别增加而降低。由此可以推论,在蕉园适当增施P肥和B肥有助于抑制香蕉枯萎病发生。     

微生物对三种入侵杂草化感作用的影响

微生物是化感作用生测实验中普遍存在的影响因素.研究用飞机草(Chromolaena odoratum L.)、假臭草(Eupatorium catarium Veldkamp)、蟛蜞菊(Wedelia chinensis Merr.)的直接水浸提样(含有微生物)与水浸提样的除菌液对小白菜、萝卜进行了生测实验,对比研究了微生物对3种入侵杂草化感作用的影响.结果表明,有微生物存在的水浸提液化感作用强度明显强于除菌液,并且3种入侵杂草的含微生物水浸提液化感作用之间有明显差异,以假臭草的化感作用最强、飞机草次之、蟛蜞菊最弱.而3种杂草的除菌液间差异不是很明显.因此推测,这几种入侵杂草的强化感作用与微生物有很大关系,很有可能是一些微生物助长了其中一些杂草的入侵潜力.     

深圳市环境空气质量达标研究

深圳市影响空气质量的污染物包括PM2．5、O3和NO2。运用CMAQ空气质量模型,对深圳市周边城市设置了4套达标情景并开展模拟评估。结果表明,要降低PM2．5浓度应以控制颗粒物一次排放为重点,在2012年基础上PM10和PM2．5分别减排45％和55％以上才可较好地实现大气污染防治目标。达标情景对O3污染的控制效果并不显著,可能与周边城市VOCs控制力度不足相关,要降低O3浓度,必须控制VOCs污染排放。     

Understanding the excretion rates of methylmercury and inorganic mercury from human body via hair and fingernails

Effective biomarkers are necessary to better understand the human mercury (Hg) exposure levels. However, mismatched biomarker sampling method causes extra uncertainty in assessing the risk of Hg exposure. To compare the differences between hair and fingernail, and further understand the excretion rates of methylmercury (MeHg) and inorganic mercury (IHg) via hair and fingernails, the total mercury (THg), MeHg, and IHg concentrations in paired hair and fingernail samples were investigated through paired samples collected from two typical mining areas, Wanshan mercury mine area (WMMA) and Hezhang zinc smelting area (HZSA). The positive correlation in THg, MeHg, and IHg concentrations (p <0.01) between hair and fingernail samples indicated that those two biomarkers can be corrected in application of assessing human Hg exposure. Compared to fingernails, the hair was suggested to be a more sensitive biomarker as the concentration of THg, MeHg and IHg were 2 ∼ 4 times higher than those in fingernails. Furthermore, the amounts of THg, MeHg, and IHg excreted via hair were 70 ∼ 226 times higher than that excreted via fingernails, and the hair plays a more important role than fingernails in the excretion of Hg from human bodies. Present study therefore provides some new insights to better understand the fate of human assimilated Hg.     

给水厂残泥免烧陶粒对Pb与Cd的吸附特征

针对高效低廉的吸附材料——WTR（water treatment residuals,给水厂残泥）因颗粒细小在水处理工艺中难以应用的问题,利用免烧法制备出WTR陶粒,研究其对Pb和Cd的吸附特征.批量吸附试验结果表明,准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型能较好地描述WTR免烧陶粒对Pb和Cd的吸附动力学（R2>0.995 8）与等温吸附过程（R2>0.994 8）.在溶液pH为5、恒温25℃、振荡24 h下,Langmuir等温吸附模型计算得到的WTR免烧陶粒对Pb和Cd的最大吸附容量分别为13.97和18.60 mg/g.单因素条件试验结果表明,WTR免烧陶粒对Pb和Cd的吸附量均随溶液初始pH的升高而增加,当pH由3升至9时,WTR免烧陶粒对Pb和Cd的吸附量分别增加了1.44和0.95倍;离子强度的增加不利于WTR免烧陶粒对Pb和Cd的吸附.批量等温解吸试验结果表明,在pH为4~8的溶液中,Pb和Cd较难从WTR免烧陶粒中解吸出来,解吸率均在3.5%以内;当溶液pH为3时,Pb和Cd的解吸率分别高达65.88%和45.01%.BCR分级提取结果表明,Pb和Cd均主要以酸提取态形式（占比在68.18%以上）存在于WTR免烧陶粒中;同时,随着初始吸附量的增加,酸提取态比例显著减少,而还原态和残渣态比例显著增加.研究显示,WTR免烧陶粒对Pb和Cd具有较强的吸附能力,可作为一种高效的重金属吸附材料应用于水处理工艺中.      

土壤中乐果与微生物的相互作用研究

采用室内模拟实验,研究了土壤中乐果与微生物的相互作用.结果表明:(1)50、500、5 000 mg·kg-1的乐果在灭菌土中的降解速度十分缓慢,加药后15d,50 mg·kg-1的降解率为69.3%,500 mg·kg-1的降解率为26.7%,5 000 mg·kg-1的降解率为19.6%.在施过乐果的土壤中的降解速度非常迅速,加药后15d,50 mg·kg-1的降解率为99.7%,500 mg·kg-1的降解率为78.4%,5 000 mg·kg-1的降解率为54.6%.在未施过乐果的土壤中的降解速度则介于二者之间.说明微生物在乐果的降解中起着非常重要的作用,同时,施药可以诱发乐果降解菌的生成从而加速乐果的降解.(2)在各处理的土壤中,50 mg·k-1的乐果对细菌数星有一定的刺激作用,500、5 000 mg·kg-1的乐果抑制细菌的生长.且随质量浓度的升高,抑制作用增强.但随加药时间的延长,又有所恢复.3种不同质量浓度的乐果对土壤真菌和放线菌种群数量的影响均表现为明显的抑制作用,且随药剂质量浓度的提高和加药时间的延长抑制趋势越明显.因此,可以选择真菌和放线菌作为土壤受乐果污染的敏感指示菌.(3)在同样处理条件下,施过乐果土壤中的微生物种群数量并不比未施过乐果土壤中的占优势,表明乐果在施过药的土壤中降解速度的加快并不是由微生物的数量决定的,而是由它们的降解能力决定的.     

Real-world fuel consumption of light-duty passenger vehicles using on-board diagnostic (OBD) systems

• Fuel consumption (FC) from LDPVs is measured using on-board diagnostic method (OBD). • The FC of the OBD is 7.1% lower than that of the carbon balance results. • The discrepancy between the approved FC and real-world FC is 13%±18%. • There is a strong relationship (R²=0.984) between the average speed and relative FC. An increasing discrepancy between real-world and type-approval fuel consumption for light-duty passenger vehicles (LDPVs) has been reported by several studies. Normally, real-world fuel consumption is measured primarily by a portable emission measurement system. The on-board diagnostic (OBD) approach, which is flexible and offers high-resolution data collection, is a promising fuel consumption monitoring method. Three LDPVs were tested with a laboratory dynamometer based on a type-approval cycle, the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). Fuel consumption was measured by the OBD and constant-volume sampling system (CVS, a regulatory method) to verify the accuracy of the OBD values. The results of the OBD method and the regulatory carbon balance method exhibited a strong linear correlation (e.g., R² = 0.906-0.977). Compared with the carbon balance results, the fuel consumption results using the OBD were 7.1%±4.3% lower on average. Furthermore, the real-world fuel consumption of six LDPVs was tested in Beijing using the OBD. The results showed that the normalized NEDC real-world fuel consumption of the tested vehicles was 13%±17% higher than the type-approval-based fuel consumption. Because the OBD values are lower than the actual fuel consumption, using a carbon balance method may result in a larger discrepancy between real-word and type-approval fuel consumption. By means of the operating mode binning and micro trip methods, a strong relationship (R² = 0.984) was established between the average speed and relative fuel consumption. For congested roads (average vehicle speed less than 25 km/h), the fuel consumption of LDPVs is highly sensitive to changes in average speed.