Real-world fuel consumption of light-duty passenger vehicles using on-board diagnostic (OBD) systems

• Fuel consumption (FC) from LDPVs is measured using on-board diagnostic method (OBD). • The FC of the OBD is 7.1% lower than that of the carbon balance results. • The discrepancy between the approved FC and real-world FC is 13%±18%. • There is a strong relationship (R²=0.984) between the average speed and relative FC. An increasing discrepancy between real-world and type-approval fuel consumption for light-duty passenger vehicles (LDPVs) has been reported by several studies. Normally, real-world fuel consumption is measured primarily by a portable emission measurement system. The on-board diagnostic (OBD) approach, which is flexible and offers high-resolution data collection, is a promising fuel consumption monitoring method. Three LDPVs were tested with a laboratory dynamometer based on a type-approval cycle, the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). Fuel consumption was measured by the OBD and constant-volume sampling system (CVS, a regulatory method) to verify the accuracy of the OBD values. The results of the OBD method and the regulatory carbon balance method exhibited a strong linear correlation (e.g., R² = 0.906-0.977). Compared with the carbon balance results, the fuel consumption results using the OBD were 7.1%±4.3% lower on average. Furthermore, the real-world fuel consumption of six LDPVs was tested in Beijing using the OBD. The results showed that the normalized NEDC real-world fuel consumption of the tested vehicles was 13%±17% higher than the type-approval-based fuel consumption. Because the OBD values are lower than the actual fuel consumption, using a carbon balance method may result in a larger discrepancy between real-word and type-approval fuel consumption. By means of the operating mode binning and micro trip methods, a strong relationship (R² = 0.984) was established between the average speed and relative fuel consumption. For congested roads (average vehicle speed less than 25 km/h), the fuel consumption of LDPVs is highly sensitive to changes in average speed.     

鲨鱼皮微复制技术在抗菌防护领域中的应用研究

生物制造工程是在生命科学和仿生学基础上建立起来的前沿科技,通过基因复制、生物去除、生物生长、生物约束等方法将生物体特质直接复制到模具上,从而赋予产品特定的使用功能。本文通过对鲨鱼皮肤的分析论述了其抗菌机理以及利用生物约束成型技术将新鲜鲨鱼皮微结构复制到模具上的工艺流程。     

给水厂残泥免烧陶粒对Pb与Cd的吸附特征

针对高效低廉的吸附材料——WTR（water treatment residuals,给水厂残泥）因颗粒细小在水处理工艺中难以应用的问题,利用免烧法制备出WTR陶粒,研究其对Pb和Cd的吸附特征.批量吸附试验结果表明,准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型能较好地描述WTR免烧陶粒对Pb和Cd的吸附动力学（R2>0.995 8）与等温吸附过程（R2>0.994 8）.在溶液pH为5、恒温25℃、振荡24 h下,Langmuir等温吸附模型计算得到的WTR免烧陶粒对Pb和Cd的最大吸附容量分别为13.97和18.60 mg/g.单因素条件试验结果表明,WTR免烧陶粒对Pb和Cd的吸附量均随溶液初始pH的升高而增加,当pH由3升至9时,WTR免烧陶粒对Pb和Cd的吸附量分别增加了1.44和0.95倍;离子强度的增加不利于WTR免烧陶粒对Pb和Cd的吸附.批量等温解吸试验结果表明,在pH为4~8的溶液中,Pb和Cd较难从WTR免烧陶粒中解吸出来,解吸率均在3.5%以内;当溶液pH为3时,Pb和Cd的解吸率分别高达65.88%和45.01%.BCR分级提取结果表明,Pb和Cd均主要以酸提取态形式（占比在68.18%以上）存在于WTR免烧陶粒中;同时,随着初始吸附量的增加,酸提取态比例显著减少,而还原态和残渣态比例显著增加.研究显示,WTR免烧陶粒对Pb和Cd具有较强的吸附能力,可作为一种高效的重金属吸附材料应用于水处理工艺中.      

Understanding the excretion rates of methylmercury and inorganic mercury from human body via hair and fingernails

Effective biomarkers are necessary to better understand the human mercury (Hg) exposure levels. However, mismatched biomarker sampling method causes extra uncertainty in assessing the risk of Hg exposure. To compare the differences between hair and fingernail, and further understand the excretion rates of methylmercury (MeHg) and inorganic mercury (IHg) via hair and fingernails, the total mercury (THg), MeHg, and IHg concentrations in paired hair and fingernail samples were investigated through paired samples collected from two typical mining areas, Wanshan mercury mine area (WMMA) and Hezhang zinc smelting area (HZSA). The positive correlation in THg, MeHg, and IHg concentrations (p <0.01) between hair and fingernail samples indicated that those two biomarkers can be corrected in application of assessing human Hg exposure. Compared to fingernails, the hair was suggested to be a more sensitive biomarker as the concentration of THg, MeHg and IHg were 2 ∼ 4 times higher than those in fingernails. Furthermore, the amounts of THg, MeHg, and IHg excreted via hair were 70 ∼ 226 times higher than that excreted via fingernails, and the hair plays a more important role than fingernails in the excretion of Hg from human bodies. Present study therefore provides some new insights to better understand the fate of human assimilated Hg.     

常规液相色谱柱测定早熟素Ⅱ的方法探讨

通过使用市售的常规C18液相色谱柱(规格:150mm×4.6mm,5 μm),探讨了早熟素Ⅱ的分析方法并对其进行了可行性论证.以V(甲醇):V(水)=80:20为流动相,流量1 mL·min~(-1),检测波长为224nm,柱温35℃.得出早熟素Ⅱ在8～108μg·mL~(-1)的范围内呈良好的线性关系(相关系数,为0.99997),最低检出限为1.0379μg·mL~(-1)(信噪比为3),加标回收率为93.3%～104.98%,变异系数为0.12%～4.41%.与使用非常规色谱柱分析早熟索Ⅱ的方法相比,该方法采用了市售常规柱,能够更大限度地满足实验条件,通用性更强.     

香蕉秸秆堆肥对四种农药残留降解影响

通过单因子梯度试验研究了香蕉秸秆堆肥过程关键因子—C/N、温度、含水率、pH对香蕉栽培生产过程中经常施用的4种农药——百菌清、三唑酮、氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯残留降解的影响.结果显示,香蕉秸秆堆肥对4种农药具有明显的降解作用,在通风方式为机械翻堆条件下,百菌清的最佳降解条件为:C/N=35∶1,温度为40℃,含水率为60%,pH =9.7;三唑酮的最佳降解条件为:C/N=35∶1,温度为40℃,含水率为70%,pH=9.45;氯氰菊酯的最佳降解条件为:C/N=25∶1,温度为40℃,含水率为70%,pH=9.7;溴氰菊酯的最佳降解条件:C/N=35∶1,温度为50℃,含水率为70%,pH=9.7.根据上述单因素控制试验,利用非线性动力学模型分析可得百菌清、三唑酮、氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯的最小降解半衰期分别为28.8min、 4.32h、16.8h和 12h.     

通辽市生物多样性保护SWOT分析

通辽市野生动植物资源总量丰富、生态系统类型多样和结构完整,是我国生物多样性最为富集的地区之一。通辽市生物多样性保护和利用具有国民经济综合实力较强、过渡性区位生物多样性战略地位突出、生态类型与物种丰富、政府高度重视等优势;受到生态系统本底的脆弱、生产和生活方式传统粗放、水资源短缺,湿地资源总量急剧下降、保护资金投入不足等制约;面临全球低碳经济和绿色经济成为国际新潮流、全国建设生态文明、发展循环经济的战略机遇和内蒙古"十二五"规划建设全国生态屏障的战略机遇;全球气候变化、历史上经济粗放和资源过度开发引发的生态危机,以及城镇化、工业化、农业生产将对通辽生物多样性保护将构成一定威胁。通辽市必须科学开展生物多样性保护与利用工作。     

Application of ultra-sonication,acid precipitation and membrane filtration for co-recovery of protein and humic acid from sewage sludge

A novel method was applied to co-recover proteins and humic acid from the dewatered sewage sludge for liquid fertilizer and animal feed. The proteins in sewage sludge were first extracted using the processes of ultra-sonication and acid precipitation, and then the humic acid was recovered via membrane filtration. The extraction efficiency was 125.9 mg humic acid?g⁻¹VSS volatile suspended solids (VSS) and 123.9 mg proteins?g⁻¹ VSS at the optimal ultrasonic density of 1.5 W?mL⁻¹. FT-IR spectrum results indicated that the recovered proteins and humic acid showed similar chemical characteristic to the natural proteins and humic acid. The acidic solution (pH 2) could be recycled and used more than 10 times during the co-recovery processes. In addition, the dewatered sludge could be easily biodegraded when the humic acid and proteins are extracted, which was essential for further utilization. These findings are of great significance for recovering valuable nutrient from sewage sludge.     

PSAF-DMDAAC复合絮凝剂的制备及含铊废水的处理

将自制聚硅酸铝铁（PSAF）与二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵（DMDAAC）复配,制备了复合高分子絮凝剂PSAF-DMDAAC,并将其用于含铊废水的处理。表征结果显示：PSAF与DMDAAC先利用氢键形成聚合体后脱水,然后DMDAAC链上的烯基双键与PSAF中的聚铁、聚铝基团发生桥联反应,以配位键形式将基团引入DMDAAC链,形成一种新型复合絮凝剂。实验结果表明：复合絮凝剂制备的最优条件为（Al+Fe）与Si的摩尔比2∶1、Al与Fe的摩尔比1∶2、60%（w）DMDAAC溶液加入量0.8%（w）;废水处理的最优条件为絮凝剂投加量0.8 g/L、废水pH 9.5、沉降时间10 min;在上述优化条件下,废水的色度、浊度、铊的去除率分别达到95.0%,96.4%,95.6%,处理后废水的色度、浊度、铊质量浓度分别为10度、6 NTU、13 μg/L。     

乐果对土壤微生物种群的影响

农药对土壤微生物的影响已成为评价农药对土壤生态安全的一个重要指标。采用室内培养法研究了乐果在3种不同质量分数下对土壤微生物种群数量以及土壤中占优势的细菌、真菌和放线菌生长速率的影响。结果表明,以真菌种群受抑制最大,放线菌次之,细菌最小。在供试质量分数下,该杀虫剂对土壤细菌种群数量的影响较复杂,没有明显规律;对土壤真菌和放线菌种群数量的影响均表现为明显的抑制作用,且随药剂质量分数的提高和加药时间的延长抑制趋势越明显。因此,可以选择真菌和放线菌作为土壤受乐果污染的敏感指示菌。结果同时表明,50～500mg·kg-1的乐果不影响细菌的生长速率,而5000mg·kg-1的乐果在加药后2～5d明显抑制其生长速率,加药后6～7d,又恢复到正常水平;3种不同质量分数的乐果在加药后2～7d对真菌和放线菌的生长速率均表现明显的抑制作用,且随药剂质量分数的提高而逐渐增强,但随加药时间的延长又逐渐恢复。