南方某水源水中天然有机物的特点及氯胺对氯化消毒副产物的控制

在对天然有机物分类的基础上进行了水体中有机物的特性研究，并采用氯胺对不同特性有机物的氯化消毒副产物进行了控制研究。结果表明，疏水酸占有机物总量的24％，疏水中性物质占41％，疏水性有机物占67％；对于三卤甲烷类消毒副产物生成势，疏水酸所产生的最多，疏水碱次之，亲水酸最少；对于卤乙酸类消毒副产物生成势，疏水碱产生的三卤乙酸最多，其次为疏水酸，亲水酸最少。氯胺对不同类有机物氯化消毒副产物控制程度不同，氯胺对疏水中性物质控制三卤甲烷类消毒副产物最好，其次是疏水碱和亲水碱；对疏水酸的三卤甲烷生成量控制较弱，对亲水酸的控制效果最差；氯胺对亲水碱氯化产生卤乙酸的控制效果最好，其次是疏水碱，控制效果最差的为疏水中性物质。     

Impact of total organic carbon and chlorine to ammonia ratio on nitrification in a bench-scale drinking water distribution system

Nitrification occurs in chloraminated drinking water systems and is affected by water quality parameters. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of total organic carbon and chlorine to ammonia ratio on nitrification potential in a simulated drinking water distribution system as during chloramination. The occurrence of nitrification and activity of nitrifying bacteria was primarily monitored using four rotating annular bioreactors (RAB) with different chlorine to ammonia ratios and total organic carbon (TOC) levels. The results indicated that nitrification occurred despite at a low influent concentration of ammonia, and a high concentration of nitrite nitrogen was detected in the effluent. The study illustrated that reactors 1(R1) and 3 (R3), with higher TOC levels, produced more nitrite nitrogen, which was consistent with the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) counts, and was linked to a relatively more rapid decay of chloramines in comparison to their counterparts (R2 and R4). The AOB and HPC counts were correlated during the biofilm formation with the establishment of nitrification. Biofilm AOB abundance was also higher in the high TOC reactors compared with the low TOC reactors. The chlorine to ammonia ratio did not have a significant impact on the occurrence of nitrification. Bulk water with a high TOC level supported the occurrence of nitrification, and AOB development occurred at all examined chlorine to ammonia dose ratios (3:1 or 5:1).     

透光率脉动检测技术对絮凝过程的连续监测和分析

研究考察悬液中絮凝体的特性和空间结构变化。通过监测透光脉动值的变化,显示不同种类的絮凝剂形成絮凝体的Ｉｇτ～１ｇＫ值曲线并非保持不变,反映了不同种类絮凝体空间结构的变化规律,得到絮凝体破碎和重组的有关信息,从中反映出不同絮凝剂投 形成的絮凝体的一些不同特性。     

浸没式超滤膜替代砂滤处理东江水的中试研究

针对传统饮用水处理工艺的升级改造问题,通过中试实验,系统考察浸没式超滤膜替代砂滤处理东江水的出水水质并研究高通量条件下的膜运行条件。结果表明,浸没式超滤膜出水浊度不受原水水质条件影响,均保持在0.1 NTU以下,与砂滤出水相比具有优势,但有机物去除率与砂滤相差不大。膜系统在高通量条件下运行时,过滤周期应作适当的缩短,采用合理的物理清洗来缓解膜污染,并辅助以有效的在线化学清洗可保证膜过滤的长期稳定运行。     

高锰酸钾预氧化控制氯/氯胺消毒的卤乙酸生成量

结合南方某市典型受污染水源,研究了高锰酸钾预氧化对后继氯或氯胺消毒工艺中卤乙酸(HAAs)生成量和生成形态的影响.研究结果表明,氯胺消毒比自由氯消毒可降低HAAs生成量60%～80%左右;通过一致性生成条件试验比较表明,高锰酸钾的最佳投量范围是0.5mg·L-1～1.5 mg·L-1,在高锰酸钾为1.0mg·L-1的条件下,后续氯消毒工艺的HAAs生成量降低了30.9%;而后续氯胺消毒工艺的HAAs生成量则降低了25.3%;高锰酸钾预氧化对DCAA生成量的影响相对较大;高锰酸钾预氧化可降低氯/氯胺消毒工艺的HAAs生成量.     

Fouling mechanisms in the early stage of an enhanced coagulation-ultrafiltration process

We investigated the fouling performances of ultrafiltration (UF) membrane for treating in-line coagulated water in an enhanced coagulation-UF hybrid process. Then we analyzed the fouling mechanisms in the early stage of UF using mathematical models and microscopy observation methods. Finally, we discussed the impact of aeration on membrane fouling in this paper. The results showed that a two-stage of trans-membrane pressure (TMP) profile during the operation of enhanced coagulation-UF membrane was observed, and the relationship between permeability and operation time fitted well with a logarithmic curve. Membrane pores blocking and cake filtration were confirmed as main membrane fouling mechanisms using the mathematical models. The two stages of membrane fouling mechanisms were further deduced, namely, the membrane pore narrowing followed by the formation of cake layer. Membrane autopsy analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the membrane surface sampled from different filtration cycles also confirmed the mechanisms of pores blocking and cake filtration. Moreover, according to the variations of the permeability and membrane fouling resistance, aeration was able to mitigate and control the membrane fouling to a certain extent, but the optimization of aeration conditions still needs to be studied.     

Impact of total organic carbon and chlorine to ammonia ratio on nitrification in a bench-scale drinking water distribution system

Nitrification occurs in chloraminated drinking water systems and is affected by water quality parameters. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of total organic carbon and chlorine to ammonia ratio on nitrification potential in a simulated drinking water distribution system as during chloramination. The occurrence of nitrification and activity of nitrifying bacteria was primarily monitored using four rotating annular bioreactors (RAB) with different chlorine to ammonia ratios and total organic carbon (TOC) levels. The results indicated that nitrification occurred despite at a low influent concentration of ammonia, and a high concentration of nitrite nitrogen was detected in the effluent. The study illustrated that reactors 1(R1) and 3 (R3), with higher TOC levels, produced more nitrite nitrogen, which was consistent with the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) counts, and was linked to a relatively more rapid decay of chloramines in comparison to their counterparts (R2 and R4). The AOB and HPC counts were correlated during the biofilm formation with the establishment of nitrification. Biofilm AOB abundance was also higher in the high TOC reactors compared with the low TOC reactors. The chlorine to ammonia ratio did not have a significant impact on the occurrence of nitrification. Bulk water with a high TOC level supported the occurrence of nitrification, and AOB development occurred at all examined chlorine to ammonia dose ratios (3:1 or 5:1).