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111.
Luis Lassaletta Eduardo Aguilera Alberto Sanz-Cobena Guillermo Pardo Gilles Billen Josette Garnier Bruna Grizzetti 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2016,21(7):975-994
In this paper we examine the trends of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions of the Spanish agricultural sector related to national production and consumption in the 1961–2009 period. The comparison between production- and consumption-based emissions at the national level provides a complete overview of the actual impact resulting from the dietary choices of a given country and allows the evaluation of potential emission leakages. On average, 1.5 % of the new reactive nitrogen that enters Spain every year is emitted as N2O. Production- and consumption-based emissions have both significantly increased in the period studied and nowadays consumption-based emissions are 45 % higher than production-based emissions. A large proportion of the net N2O emissions associated with imported agricultural goods comes from countries that are not committers for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Kyoto Protocol Annex I. An increase in feed consumption is the main driver of the changes observed, leading to a remarkable emission leakage in the Spanish agricultural sector. The complementary approach used here is essential to achieve an effective mitigation of Spanish greenhouse gas emissions. 相似文献
112.
Jeffrey O. Hanson Ana Veríssimo Guillermo Velo-Antón Adam Marques Miguel Camacho-Sanchez Íñigo Martínez-Solano Helena Gonçalves Fernando Sequeira Hugh P. Possingham Silvia B. Carvalho 《Conservation biology》2021,35(2):634-642
Protected-area systems should conserve intraspecific genetic diversity. Because genetic data require resources to obtain, several approaches have been proposed for generating plans for protected-area systems (prioritizations) when genetic data are not available. Yet such surrogate-based approaches remain poorly tested. We evaluated the effectiveness of potential surrogate-based approaches based on microsatellite genetic data collected across the Iberian Peninsula for 7 amphibian and 3 reptilian species. Long-term environmental suitability did not effectively represent sites containing high genetic diversity (allelic richness). Prioritizations based on long-term environmental suitability had similar performance to random prioritizations. Geographic distances and resistance distances based on contemporary environmental suitability were not always effective surrogates for identification of combinations of sites that contain individuals with different genetic compositions. Our results demonstrate that population genetic data based on commonly used neutral markers can inform prioritizations, and we could not find an adequate substitute. Conservation planners need to weigh the potential benefits of genetic data against their acquisition costs. 相似文献
113.
Thalita B. Zanoni Eloísa Silva de Paula Guilherme Julião Zocolo Maria Valnice B. Zanoni Danielle Palma de Oliveira 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(9):1506-1517
Incubation of guanosine and Sudan III induces the formation of a stable adduct, which may be identified using a spectrophotometric technique and mass spectroscopy. The high nucleophilicity of the C8 position and its proximity to N7 makes the site susceptible to a nucleophilic attack, which explains the SN2 reaction detected between guanosine and Sudan III dye. In addition, direct interaction of Sudan III with calf thymus DNA was monitored using a simple spectrophotometric technique. The results presented indicate that a simple modification of the chemical structure of Sudan I (monoazo dye) to Sudan III (diazo dye) markedly alters reactivity towards nitrogenous DNA bases. 相似文献
114.
115.
Alvarenga P Palma P Gonçalves AP Fernandes RM de Varennes A Vallini G Duarte E Cunha-Queda AC 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2008,30(2):95-99
An acid metal-contaminated soil from the Aljustrel mining area (a pyrite mine located in SW Portugal in the Iberian Pyrite
Belt) was subjected to chemical characterisation and total metal quantification (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn). Water-soluble
metals were determined and a sequential extraction procedure was used to investigate metal speciation. Two bioavailable metal
fractions were determined: a mobile fraction and a mobilisable fraction. Soil ecotoxicity was studied using a battery of bioassays:
plant growth test and seed germination with cress (Lepidium sativum L.), earthworm (Eisenia fetida) mortality, E. fetida avoidance behaviour, luminescent inhibition of Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna immobilisation. Although the total content of Cu, Zn and Pb in the soil was large (362, 245 and 1,250 mg/kg dry matter, respectively),
these metals were mostly structurally bound (87% for Cu, 81% for Zn and 89% for Pb) and, therefore, scarcely bioavailable.
Nonetheless, the D. magna immobilization test using soil leachate showed an EC50 (48 h) of 36.3% (v/v), and the luminescent inhibition of V. fischeri presented an EC20 (15 min) of 45.2% and an EC20 (30 min) of 10.7% (v/v), suggesting a considerable toxic effect. In the direct exposure bioassays, E. fetida avoided the mine soil at the highest concentrations (50%, 75% and 100% v/v). At the same soil concentrations, cress showed
negligible growth. The results suggest the need to use a battery of toxicity tests, in conjunction with chemical methods,
in order to assess the quality of mine-contaminated soils correctly. 相似文献
116.
Despite widespread acceptance of sustainability as the ultimate goal of forest management, perspectives about its meaning, significance, and relevant indicators may still differ. This paper examines local perspectives on sustainability, and evaluates their similarities and differences. A systematic procedure based on criteria of proximity, pre-existing rights, dependency, knowledge of forest management, forestry spirit, daily activity, and legal rights was used to identify a small group of relevant stakeholders representing different groups, institutions, and organizations. Using participatory action research (PAR), stakeholders were asked to identify relevant indicators of sustainable forest management. The indicators identified by each stakeholder were then compared to a consolidated list assembled by field facilitators with respect to whether relevant indicators are present or not. Based on the resulting presence/absence matrix, a statistical tool called the simple matching coefficient was used to estimate the similarity measures among the stakeholders' perspectives. In addition, cluster analysis was used to classify groups of stakeholders depending on their similarities to each other. Finally, hypotheses related to the 'closeness' of perspectives among local communities, non-governmental organizations, a timber company, and government organizations, as revealed by their selection of indicators, were tested. Results show that: (a) local communities have different perceptions in terms of what they consider to be important indicators compared to the NGOs, (b) there are significantly different perceptions between the government and the timber companies, and (c) there are also different perceptions between urban and field-based personnel of the same organization. 相似文献
117.
Guillermo Palau-Salvador Manuel García-Villalba Wolfgang Rodi 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2011,11(6):611-625
This paper presents a large eddy simulation of mass transfer in the flow around a surface-mounted finite-height circular cylinder.
The study was carried out for a cylinder with height-to-diameter ratio of 2.5 and a Reynolds number based on the cylinder
diameter of 44000. The approach flow boundary layer had a thickness of about 10% of the cylinder height. A tracer was released
at various levels upstream of the cylinder. The effect of the release position in the subsequent spreading and dilution of
the plumes is analyzed. It is found that a tracer released at the top or at mid-height is entrained into the recirculation
zone behind the cylinder, and therefore presents similar plume evolution in the far wake in both cases. If the tracer is released
at around three-quarters of the height of the cylinder, it is not significantly entrained by the main recirculation region,
leading to smaller rates of spreading of the plume. Finally, if the tracer is released near the floor, the plume is entrained
by the horseshoe vortex that wraps around the cylinder, leading to a large lateral spreading of the plume, remaining always
near the floor. 相似文献
118.
Calderón R. Palma P. Arancibia-Miranda N. Kim Un-Jung Silva-Moreno E. Kannan K. 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2022,44(2):527-535
Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Perchlorate (ClO4?) has been identified as a persistent environmental contaminant of concern. Perchlorate exposure is a potential health concern... 相似文献
119.
Valdés Durán Ana Aliaga Guillermo Deckart Katja Karas Cyrus Cáceres Dante Nario Adriana 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2022,44(10):3173-3189
Environmental Geochemistry and Health - The importance of environmental geochemistry baseline in soils of O´Higgins Region, Chile, since it hosts in its eastern area one of the major Cu-Mo... 相似文献
120.
We analyze a mathematical model of the epizootic of Hantavirus in mice populations, including the effect of species that compete with the host. We show that the existence of the second species has an important consequence for the prevalence of the infectious agent in the host. When the two mice species survive in the ecosystem, the competitive pressure of the second species may lead to reduction or complete elimination of the prevalence of infection. The transition between the disappearance of the infection and its presence occurs at a critical value of the competitor's population, resembling a second-order phase transition in a statistical system. The results provide a rigorous framework for the study of the impact of biodiversity in the propagation of infectious diseases, and further lends itself to future experimental verification. 相似文献