Differentiating the effects of fine and coarse particles on daily mortality in Shanghai, China

The findings on health effects of ambient fine particles (PM2.5) and coarse particles (PM10-2.5) remain inconsistent. In China, PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 are not the criteria air pollutants, and their monitoring data are scarce. There have been no epidemiological studies of health effects of PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 simultaneously in China. We conducted a time series study to examine the acute effects of PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 on daily mortality in Shanghai, China from Mar. 4, 2004 to Dec. 31, 2005. We used the generalized additive model (GAM) with penalized splines to analyze the mortality, air pollution and covariate data. The average concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 were 56.4 microg/m3 and 52.3 microg/m3 in our study period, and PM2.5 constituted around 53.0% of the PM10 mass. Compared with the Global Air Quality Guidelines set by World Health Organization (10 microg/m3 for annual mean) and U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (15 microg/m3 for annual mean), the PM2.5 level in Shanghai was much higher. We found that PM2.5 was associated with the death rates from all causes and from cardiorespiratory diseases in Shanghai. We did not find a significant effect of PM10-2.5 on mortality outcomes. A10 microg/m3 increase in the 2-day moving average (lag01) concentration of PM2.5 corresponded to 0.36% (95% CI 0.11%, 0.61%), 0.41% (95% CI 0.01%, 0.82%) and 0.95% (95% CI 0.16%, 1.73%) increase of total, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality. For PM10-2.5, the effects were attenuated and less precise. Our analyses provide the first statistically significant evidence in China that PM2.5 has an adverse effect on population health and strengthen the rationale for further limiting levels of PM2.5 in outdoor air in Shanghai.     

村域饮用水源保护规划——以长沙县乌川湖村为例

在对乌川湖村概况、水资源开发利用现状及存在的问题进行全面调查和系统分析的基础上,提出了乌川湖村饮用水源保护的目标及指标,并针对乌川湖村饮用水源开发利用中存在的主要问题,指出了加强饮用水源保护需重点建设的工程,包括饮用水源水质普查工程、饮用水源地保护工程、生活污水处理工程、农药化肥消减工程,及保障工程顺利实施的相关措施。希翼通过工程的建设实施来减少饮用水安全隐患,保障村民饮用水安全,使农民喝上干净的水。     

黄河包头段氨氮降解系数的研究

黄河包头段的主要污染物是氨氮,我们在实验室开展了氨氮降解系数的研究工作,给出了不同温度下氨氮的降解系数和影响氨氮降解的原因。     

太原市雨水中多环芳烃的污染特征

对太原市2012年3—10月雨水中16种溶解态多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征、沉降通量和来源进行了分析.结果表明,16种PAHs总的(∑16-PAHs)平均浓度为1081.2 ng·L-1(范围为316.8—6272.3 ng·L-1),以2—3环PAHs为主,占75.4%,4环和5—6环PAHs分别占18.2%和6.4%.∑16-PAHs浓度与温度(P<0.05)和电导率(P<0.01)呈显著正相关.同一场降雨不同阶段的∑16-PAHs浓度及其组成与降雨量有关.∑16-PAHs的全年平均沉降通量为481.5 ng·m-2·d-1,9月的沉降通量最高(2342.8 ng·m-2·d-1),其次是7月(1604.4 ng·m-2·d-1),10月的最低(83.3 ng·m-2·d-1),其中2—3环PAHs的沉降通量明显高于4环和5—6环PAHs,∑16-PAHs的月沉降通量与月平均降雨量(P<0.01)和降雨频次(P<0.05)呈显著正相关.利用特征比值法判断PAHs的主要来源是煤燃烧,同时也存在一定的石油燃烧源和少部分的石油源.     

Responses of CH(4), CO(2) and N(2)O fluxes to increasing nitrogen deposition in alpine grassland of the Tianshan Mountains

To assess the effects of nitrogen (N) deposition on greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes in alpine grassland of the Tianshan Mountains in central Asia, CH₄, CO₂ and N₂O fluxes were measured from June 2010 to May 2011. Nitrogen deposition tended to significantly increase CH₄ uptake, CO₂ and N₂O emissions at sites receiving N addition compared with those at site without N addition during the growing season, but no significant differences were found for all sites outside the growing season. Air temperature, soil temperature and water content were the important factors that influence CO₂ and N₂O emissions at year-round scale, indicating that increased temperature and precipitation in the future will exert greater impacts on CO₂ and N₂O emissions in the alpine grassland. In addition, plant coverage in July was also positively correlated with CO₂ and N₂O emissions under elevated N deposition rates. The present study will deepen our understanding of N deposition impacts on GHG balance in the alpine grassland ecosystem, and help us assess the global N effects, parameterize Earth System models and inform decision makers.     

Sorption of atrazine and phenanthrene by organic matter fractions in soil and sediment

Atrazine and phenanthrene (Phen) sorption by nonhydrolyzable carbon (NHC), black carbon (BC), humic acid (HA) and whole sediment and soil samples was examined. Atrazine sorption isotherms were nearly linear. The single-point organic carbon (OC)-normalized distribution coefficients (K_OC) of atrazine for the isolated HA1, NHC1 and BC1 from sediment 1 (ST1) were 36, 550, and 1470 times greater than that of ST1, respectively, indicating the importance of sediment organic matter, particularly the condensed fractions (NHC and BC). Similar sorption capacity of atrazine and Phen by NHC but different isotherm nonlinearity indicated different sorption domains due to their different structure and hydrophobicity. The positive relationship between (O + N)/C ratios of NHC and atrazine log K_OC at low concentration suggests H-bonding interactions. This study shows that sediment is probably a less effective sorbent for atrazine than Phen, implying that atrazine applied in sediments or soils may be likely to leach into groundwater.     

Photocatalytic degradation of C. I. Reactive Red 24 solution with K6SiW11O39SnⅡ

Environmental friendly materials, K₆SiW₁₁O₃₉Sn (SiWSn), was synthesized. SiWSn photocatalytic decomposition of C. I. Reactive Red 24 (RR24) with the UV-lamp (253.7 nm, 20 W), Xenon lamp filtered less than 390 nm light (500 W) and sun light was investigated. The results showed that RR24 solution could be effectively decolorized with the SiWSn photocatalyst. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of RR24 with SiWSn was affected by the initial concentration of RR2 solution, the amount of SiWSn and the photolysis time. It is demonstrated that the process of photodegradation of RR24 with SiWSn is a pesudo first-order reaction, which can be described by Langmuir-Hinshelwood equation. Hydroxyl radicals and holes are both the main oxidants in the photocatalytic reaction of RR24 with SiWSn.     

炼制高硫原油后部分换热器下线安全再用技术

目前炼油企业在加工高含硫原油的必然趋势下,为实现装置安全、平稳、长周期运行,有计划地提高设备级别、更换旧设备成为当务之急;合理利用旧设备,降低安全隐患,充分挖掘现有资源,是企业降耗增效的有效措施.针对2001年下线的18台浮头式换热器再用技术,进行了两种结构改制对比,提出了一种切实可行的改造方案.     

关于热电厂清洁生产审核实践的思考

本文受漯河市某热电厂的委托,为该企业进行第一轮清洁生产审核工作.通过审核准备、预审核、审核、方案产生和筛选、可行性分析、方案实施和持续清洁生产等七个阶段,本文认为该企业推行清洁生产工艺技术,进行全方位的生产技术改造和管理提升,达到节能、降耗、减排、增效的效果,从而实现经济、社会和环境的协调发展.     

闽江口围垦养殖对沉积物有机碳组分及其矿化的影响

研究滨海湿地围垦养殖后沉积物有机碳库的动态变化,对科学评估沿海滩涂湿地开发利用对碳库的影响具有重要意义.以闽江口鳝鱼滩湿地为研究区,采集不同围垦年限(3 a和15 a)养殖塘和短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis)(养殖塘围垦前主要土著植被)湿地沉积物,测定其总有机碳(TOC)、有机碳组分(微生物生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC))及有机碳矿化特征,并基于时空互代法,分析了围垦养殖对沉积物TOC、有机碳组分及矿化的影响.结果表明:围垦养殖3 a,沉积物TOC和WSOC含量总体上没有显著变化,但围垦15a,表层(0~10 cm)沉积物TOC和WSOC含量显著增加,其增加比例分别约为68.36%和68.01%;围垦养殖后,沉积物MBC没有显著变化,EOC含量则有所降低,围垦15 a后表层沉积物EOC含量约降低37.35%.围垦养殖后表层沉积物有机碳矿化速率和累积矿化量均高于短叶茳芏湿地,而亚表层(10~20 cm)沉积物矿化速率差异不显著,且表层累积矿化量高于亚表层.养殖塘沉积物TOC及有机碳组分受长期水淹和饵料添加等管理方式的影响,同时受黏粒、TN和TP等理化性质的间接影响,进一步影响沉积物矿化速率、累积矿化量和潜在矿化量(C0).上述结果预示着滨海湿地围垦养殖在一定程度上增加了沉积物有机碳的蓄积,同时也促进了有机碳矿化.