Characterization of hydrocarbons, halocarbons and carbonyls in the atmosphere of Hong Kong

Ambient air quality measurements of 156 species including 39 alkanes, 32 alkenes, 2 alkynes, 24 aromatic hydrocarbons, 43 halocarbons and 16 carbonyls, were carried out for 120 air samples collected at two sampling stations (CW and TW) in 2001 throughout Hong Kong. Spatial variations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere were investigated. Levels of most alkanes and alkenes at TW site were higher than that at the CW site, while the BTEX concentrations at the two sites were close. The BTEX ratios at CW and TW were 1.6:10.1:1.0:1.6 and 2.1:10.8:1.0:2.0, respectively. For major halogenated hydrocarbons, the mean concentrations of chloromethane, CFCs 12 and 22 did not show spatial variations at the two sites. However, site-specific differences were observed for trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene. Furthermore, there were no significant differences for carbonyls such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone between the two sites. The levels of selected hydrocarbons in winter were 1-5 times that in summer. There were no common seasonal trends for carbonyls in Hong Kong. The ambient level of formaldehyde, the most abundant carbonyl, was higher in summer. However, levels of acetaldehyde, acetone and benzaldehyde in winter were 1.6-3.8 times that in summer. The levels of CFCs 11 and 12, and chloromethane in summer were higher than that in winter. Strong correlation of most hydrocarbons with propene and n-butane suggested that the primary contributors of hydrocarbons were vehicular emissions in Hong Kong. In addition, gasoline evaporation, use of solvents, leakage of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), natural gas leakage and other industrial emissions, and even biogenic emissions affected the ambient levels of hydrocarbons. The sources of halocarbons were mainly materials used in industrial processes and as solvents. Correlation analysis suggested that photochemical reactions made significant contributions to the ambient levels of carbonyls in summer whereas in winter motor vehicle emissions would be the major sources of the carbonyls. The photochemical reactivity of selected VOCs was estimated in this study. The largest contributors to ozone formation were formaldehyde, toluene, propene, m,p-xylene, acetaldehyde, 1-butene/i-butene, isoprene and n-butane, suggesting that motor vehicles, gasoline evaporation, use of solvents, leakage of LPG, photochemical processes and biogenic emission are sources in the production of ozone. On the other hand, VOCs from vehicles and gasoline evaporation were predominant with respect to reactions with OH radical.     

水中有机物高级氧化过程中的羟基自由基检测方法比较

化学氧化水中有机物过程中的羟基自由基的定量检测是研究高级氧化动力学和过程机理的重要技术手段.本文通过对比整理相关领域羟基自由基的检测技术,分析了目前在医学和化工领域中使用的羟基自由基测量方法的应用特点和适用范围,讨论了其中的便捷式分析方法及其在水处理高级氧化过程研究中的可用性,推荐了可用于多组分水相的Fenton试剂氧化有机物过程中的羟基自由基检测方法.     

电动力学法修复土壤环境重金属污染的研究进展

介绍了电动力学法的基本原理和国外的一些电动力学修复重金属污染土壤的工艺,如Lasagna工艺、阴极区注导电性溶液工艺、阳离子选择性透过膜、CEHIXM工艺、Electro—Klean^TM电分离技术、电化学自然氧化技术、电化学离子交换技术、电吸附技术等,并指出了这些工艺的优缺点。评价了电动力学法处理地下土壤环境中重金属污染的优势及目前存在的问题。     

冲孔废料回升的产生与防止三例

结合3个典型实例,对零件在冲孔时废料回升的现象进行了分析,讨论了采用不同厚度的材料、不同的孔形、不同的冲裁间隙所产生的不同情况,介绍了在生产现场解决问题的方法和防止废料回升的一般措施.根据对具体实例的分析,总结出了控制废料回升的要点.     

南亚热带丘陵土壤水分循环及其有效性的研究──Ⅶ.丘陵赤红壤-果树-大气连续体中水流阻力的变化及其分布规律

依据田间实测资料,运用水流的电模拟原理,定且分析了南亚热带丘陵赤红壤-果树（荔枝、芒果和龙眼）-大气连续体中水流阻力各分量的大小、变化规律及其相对重要性．结果表明,连续体中的水流阻力主要分布于从叶气孔腔到大气的扩散过程,荔枝、芒果、龙眼叶-气系统的水流阻力Rla占连续体水流总阻力Rsa的比例分别为93.65％～98.03、95.68％～99.03％、90.13％～98.71％;果树植株体的水流阻力Rp居其次,占Rsa的比例分别为1．97％～6．35％、0.97％～4.32％、0．08％～9．87％：土壤阻力Rs最小,占Rsa的比例小到可忽略不计,故叶-气系统的水流阻力是决定连缤体中水流速率的重要因素．     

钙镁磷肥与有机物料配施对作物镉铅吸收的控制效果

通过田间定位试验,采用钙镁磷肥(G)、泥碳(P)、猪粪(M)、钙镁磷肥+泥碳(GP)、钙镁磷肥+猪粪(GM)等处理对福建省龙岩市新罗区特钢厂附近的污染田进行改良。试验表明,大部分处理能提高土壤的pH值;处理钙镁磷肥、钙镁磷肥+泥碳和钙镁磷肥+猪粪对提高作物产量均有显著效果;大部分处理能抑制水稻、花生对镉铅的吸收;说明通过调节土壤pH值,改变土壤重金属活性是有机-中性化改良技术的主要机理。     

皖07井水位与地震关系初探

从分析皖０７井水位的映震能力入手,探讨地下水与地震的关系。文中着重对１９９６年１１月９日南黄海６１级等４次中强地震前该井水位的异常特征进行分析,并对该井水位映震的机理提出一些粗浅的看法。     

基于区间数信息的区域应急物资储备库选址多目标决策模型

应急物资储备库选址决策是区域应急物资储备体系建设中的重要问题之一。该文研究了基于区间数的区域应急物资储备库选址问题的模糊多目标决策方法,给出了区间数的概念和排序规则,构建了约束条件中含有区间数的区域应急物资储备库选址问题的模糊多目标规划模型,提出了求模型满意解的算法,最后通过算例分析说明该方法的有效性。     

1991年世界地震灾情及地震活动特征

为适应“国际减灾十年活动”的需要,系统整理了1991年世界地震灾情及重要地震。统计结果表明:全世界1991年全年因地震死亡人数为2084人,中国只有一人;受伤人数约6500人,中国将近700人;倒塌房屋约62万间。全年直接经济损失粗略估算,国外2.7～3.2亿美元,国内约3.3亿人民币。对1991年度地震活动特点进行了简要分析。     

1668年山东郯城81／2级地震水灾分析

文以历史记载为依据,对1668年7月25日山东郯城地震的水灾进行了分析,总结出这次地震水灾的几个特点。