向家坝水生态系统保护及修复思路分析

伴随着时代的迅速发展,我国的整体经济水平获得了迅速的提升,但随之也带来了相当严重的环境污染问题。在这样的状况下,人们加大了对环境保护及生态系统修复的重视度。而在当前的生态系统当中,水生态系统与人们的生活最为密切,因而需要着重给予相应的关注。本文主要以向家坝水生态系统为基础,分析了水生态系统的保护及修复思路,并提出了相应的实践建议。     

An approach to calculating allowable watershed pollutant loads

To improve the management of discharge pollutants loads in the reservoirs’ watershed, an approach of the allowable pollutants loads calculation and its allocation, based on the water environment model, was proposed. Establishment of the approach framework was described at first. Under the guidance of this framework, two major steps were as follows: modeling and scenario analysis were involved and should be applied to support the decision of discharge loads management; Environmental Fluid Dynamic Code (EFDC) model was selected as the kernel model in this framework. In modeling step, spatial discretization for establishing cell map in model, data preprocessing, parameter calibration and uncertainty analysis (which is considered as the significantly relevant factor of the margin of safety (MOS)), were conducted. As a result of the research, the model-based approach presented as a combination of estimation and precise calculation, which contributed to scenario analysis step. Some integrated modules, such as scenario simulation, result analysis and plan optimization were implemented as cycles in the scenario analysis. Finally, allowable pollutant loads under various conditions were calculated. The Chaihe Reservoir in Liaoning Province, China was used as a case study for an application of the approach described above. Results of the Chaihe reservoir water quality simulation, show good agreement with field data and demonstrated that the approach used in the present study provide an efficient and appropriate methodology for pollutant load allocation.     

三唑酮对大型溞21天慢性毒性效应

三唑类杀菌剂是一种在农业上广泛应用的广谱性杀菌剂。三唑类杀菌剂在农田施用后能够向土壤深处迁移和扩散,从而污染土壤和地下水体,因此三唑类杀菌剂对土壤生态环境能够造成一定的破坏。选择三唑酮为研究对象,参照经济合作与发展组织(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Developement,OECD)标准方法研究三唑酮对大型溞的慢性毒性效应。21d慢性毒性研究结果表明,大型溞繁殖指标-内禀增长率是对三唑酮最为敏感的毒性参数。其慢性毒性下限值(LCL)和慢性毒性上限值(UCL)分别为40和80μg·L-1。三唑酮对于第2代大型溞,染毒的影响比对第1代的影响更大。对第2代恢复的大型溞除了第1次产卵数没有显著性差异,其他指标都有所变化,这说明毒物被转移到子代中。     

高浓度油脂废水的微生物净化处理技术浅析

在简要介绍目前含有高浓度油脂废水的产生和排放现状之后,总结分析了最近几年来一些具有一定代表性的生物处理方法的研究成果,同时提出了今后油脂废水处理技术的一点建议。     

Spatial Pattern of Ecosystem Function and Ecosystem Conservation

The spatial pattern of ecosystem function can affect ecosystem conservation. Ecosystem functions are often heterogeneous spatially due to physical and biological factors. We can influence ecosystem functions by changing the spatial patterns of the physical and biological elements of an ecosystem and regulating their combinations. The variation–position effect highlights a phenomenon resulting from the spatial pattern of ecosystem function. The effect shows that the identical variation of a factor may produce different effects on the overall situation when this variation occurs in a different spatial position. In a watershed of the Yangtze River, water retention is a primary ecosystem function. The variation–position effect for water retention capacity occurs in the watershed because of the spatial heterogeneity in vegetation, soil, and slope. The change of vegetation that occurs in a complex can affect the overall situation of water retention, and the effect can be different due to the change occurring in the position holding different vegetation-soil-slope complex. To improve the ecosystem in the watershed and to meet the social needs for the ecosystem function of water retention, a strategy called ecosystem function and spatial pattern-based forest extension was proposed to conserve forests. The implementation of the strategy enables the watershed to attain the maximum effective increase in water retention capacity.     

Two-stage fuzzy-stochastic robust programming: a hybrid model for regional air quality management

In this study, a hybrid two-stage fuzzy-stochastic robust programming (TFSRP) model is developed and applied to the planning of an air-quality management system. As an extension of existing fuzzy-robust programming and two-stage stochastic programming methods, the TFSRP can explicitly address complexities and uncertainties of the study system without unrealistic simplifications. Uncertain parameters can be expressed as probability density and/or fuzzy membership functions, such that robustness of the optimization efforts can be enhanced. Moreover, economic penalties as corrective measures against any infeasibilities arising from the uncertainties are taken into account. This method can, thus, provide a linkage to predefined policies determined by authorities that have to be respected when a modeling effort is undertaken. In its solution algorithm, the fuzzy decision space can be delimited through specification of the uncertainties using dimensional enlargement of the original fuzzy constraints. The developed model is applied to a case study of regional air quality management. The results indicate that reasonable solutions have been obtained. The solutions can be used for further generating pollution-mitigation alternatives with minimized system costs and for providing a more solid support for sound environmental decisions.     

二氧化硫与环己烷的光化学反应

本文研究了ＳＯ２与环己烷在无氧及有氧体系中的光化学反应，观察到了白色烟雾有生成并凝聚，利用ＧＣ和ＧＣ／ＭＳ法确定了部分反应产物－环烯烃、醇、酮、二元酸酯、呋喃衍生物以及硫酸二甲酯等有机化合物，探讨了影响光化学反应的几种因素及反应机理。     

Application of ecosystem health cost-effect analysis in eco-planning in Guangzhou City, China

Ecosystem health has been a focal point and research frontier of applied ecology in recent years, increasingly used in urban ecological studies. To quantify the effect of ecological improvement from eco-planning, an ecosystem health assessment method is used in eco-planning evaluation and decision support in the urban eco-planning research of Guangzhou City of China. Based on features of an urban ecosystem, five factors such as vigor, organizational structure, resilience, ability to maintain ecosystem service, and influence on people’s health were selected to develop the assessment indicator system. Then, to evaluate the validity of planning measures, a cost-effect analysis of the different scenarios on eco-planning was made, taking investment of the planned projects as the cost and ecosystem health state after implementing the scenarios as the effect. To establish priority of all the proposed planning schemes or countermeasures, variation of the ecosystem health state was evaluated when the investment of eco-environmental construction projects changes by ±10%, ±20% and ±50%, respectively. Thus, the order of importance of eco-environment construction projects to the urban ecosystem health state can be worked out, providing a reference for prioritizing the implementation of such urban eco-environmental projects. The study proved the trial value of an ecosystem health evaluation method in urban eco-planning research.     

二氧化硫与1—己烯的光化学反应动力学

利用ＧＣ／ＭＳ方法研究了ＳＯ２与１－己烯在无氧和有氧体系中光化学反应动力学，确定了ＳＯ２与１－己烯光化学反应的级数，给出了２９３－３３３Ｋ温度范围内总的反应速度常数Ｋ，以及Ｋ与温度的关系、反应的活化能和指前因子。另外，对反应物己醛和２－己酮的生成反应速度常数及其活化能也进行了计算和讨论。     

酸阻滞法处理含酸及其相应盐的废液

本文主要介绍在含酸及其相应盐的废液中分离酸和盐的一种方法。将含酸及其相应盐的废液，通过装有强碱性阴离子交换树脂柱，其中的酸受到阻滞，而相应的盐能顺利通过，然后用水洗脱，则流出的是含酸的溶液，使酸和相应的盐得到了分离。经ＦｅＳＯ４－Ｈ２ＳＯ４和ＺｎＳＯ４－Ｈ２ＳＯ４两组废液的试验，均能使酸和金属得到回收。分离后的废水，可达标排放，废液得到了处理。酸阻滞法简单易行，易于投产使用，不受规模大小的限制。