河豚毒素检测技术研究进展

对检测河豚毒素的主要方法包括生物检测方法、理化检测方法、免疫学方法、传感器方法进行了介绍,并对目前检测方法的优缺点进行比较分析。小鼠测定法是河豚毒素检测的标准方法;理化检测法方法准确,但是对设备要求高,前处理严格;免疫学方法费用较高;传感器方法是新方法,还有待进一步规范。各种检测方法都有其优缺点,河豚毒素检测时应根据要求选择方法。     

Monoclonal antibody produced by heterologous indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and its application for parathion residue determination in agricultural and environmental samples

A heterologous indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed, which was based on monoclonal antibody (Mab) to determine parathion residue in agricultural and environmental samples. Eight Mabs were produced by introducing the heterologous indirect ELISA into the screening procedure. It was shown that these Mabs had more broad-reactivity with twenty competitors than that of 5H7 (Mab produced by homologous screening). So it became much easier using these new Mabs to develop heterologous immunoassays. In addition, all the developed heterologous ELISAs could be used to determine parathion residue in semiquantitative or quantitative level, and their detection limitation (LOD) was around 2 ng/mL. Compared with the previous heterologous ELISA (hapten 11/5H7) with IC₅₀ of 13.3 ng/mL, a better heterologous ELISA (hapten 11/1E1) was obtained with IC₅₀ of 3.8 ng/mL, which improved the sensitivity 3.5 times. Finally, the latter was applied to parathion residue determination in spiked agricultural and environmental samples without extraction or cleanup. The average recoveries of parathion added to water, soil, cucumber, Chinese cabbage and carrot were between 80.4 % and 111.8 %. The LOD for water and soil samples was 5 ng/mL, and the LOD for cucumber, rice and corn samples was 10 ng/mL.     

工程建设过程中人为失误的原因分析及预防探讨

分析了工程建设过程中常见的人为失误,以及人为失误产生的根源,从技术和管理两方面探讨了人为失误的预防和控制措施,以期达到有效管控事件发生,确保工程建设过程安全的目的.     

Inexact fuzzy-stochastic mixed-integer programming approach for long-term planning of waste management – Part A: Methodology

In this study, an inexact fuzzy chance-constrained two-stage mixed-integer linear programming (IFCTIP) approach is proposed for supporting long-term planning of waste-management systems under multiple uncertainties in the City of Regina, Canada. The method improves upon the existing inexact two-stage programming and mixed-integer linear programming techniques by incorporating uncertainties expressed as multiple uncertainties of intervals and dual probability distributions within a general optimization framework. The developed method can provide an effective linkage between the predefined environmental policies and the associated economic implications. Four special characteristics of the proposed method make it unique compared with other optimization techniques that deal with uncertainties. Firstly, it provides a linkage to predefined policies that have to be respected when a modeling effort is undertaken; secondly, it is useful for tackling uncertainties presented as intervals, probabilities, fuzzy sets and their incorporation; thirdly, it facilitates dynamic analysis for decisions of facility-expansion planning and waste-flow allocation within a multi-facility, multi-period, multi-level, and multi-option context; fourthly, the penalties are exercised with recourse against any infeasibility, which permits in-depth analyses of various policy scenarios that are associated with different levels of economic consequences when the promised solid waste-generation rates are violated. In a companion paper, the developed method is applied to a real case for the long-term planning of waste management in the City of Regina, Canada.     

集成膜法水处理工艺的研究与应用

集成膜法除盐系统具有连续产水、出水质量好、易控制、占地少、不需酸碱、利于环保等优点。文章通过对集成膜法水处理技术进行研究与应用,将原有的化学除盐水处理方式改为集成膜法水处理工艺,该方法产水水质高且水质稳定,每年可节约酸碱200 t,阴、阳离子交换树脂10 t,切实解决电厂所面临的产水水质不稳定、酸碱废液排放等问题,有力推动了清洁生产。     

Determination of organochlorine and organophosphate pesticide residues in fruits, vegetables and sediments.

A method is described for the determination of organochlorine and organophosphate pesticide residues in fruits, vegetables and sediments. The concentrated solvent extract was sealed in a polymeric membrane tube, dialysed in cyclohexane and the solvent replaced with hexane. The organophosphates were analysed on a specific thermionic detector without further clean-up. For the organochlorine pesticides the extract was eluted through 3 g of alumina and analysed on GC/ECD. The clean-up for sediment extract was carried out on a 10 g alumina column with 100 mL hexane containing 5% acetone and the eluate was concentrated to 5 mL. The detection limit for organophosphates on a 40 g sample and a final volume of 10 mL was on the average 0.01 mg/kg. The detection limit for organochlorine pesticides, with the final volume of 25 mL, was 0.005 mg/kg for all pesticides except for p,p'-DDT and endosulfan sulphate, which was 0.01 mg/kg. The detection limit for organochlorine pesticides in sediment, with the final volume of 2 mL, was less than 1 microgram/kg and for organophosphate pesticides less than 10 micrograms/kg when the final volume was made to 0.5 mL. At the detection limits the method produced a very high coefficient of variation for both organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides.     

芳香类有机物氯化生成消毒副产物的特性研究

选择有代表性的芳香类有机物,在含有腐殖酸的水溶液中进行氯化试验.测定三卤甲烷和卤乙酸的生成特性.并分析有机物的化学结构对生成消毒副产物的影响.结果表明.各受试物氯化生成消毒副产物的活性和反应速率排序为间苯二酚>对苯二酚>邻苯二酚>苯酚>苯胺>苯甲酸>硝基苯;芳香类有机物苯环上官能团的性质、数量和位置等影响消毒副产物的生成;间苯二酚的氯化反应可分为快速反应阶段和慢速反应阶段.     

Copper leaching of MSWI bottom ash co-disposed with refuse: Effect of short-term accelerated weathering

Co-disposal of refuse with municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) bottom ash (IBA) either multi-layered as landfill cover or mixed with refuse could pose additional risk to the environment because of enhanced leaching of heavy metals, especially Cu. This study applied short-term accelerated weathering to IBA, and monitored the mineralogical and chemical properties of IBA during the weathering process. Cu extractability of the weathered IBA was then evaluated using standard leaching protocols (i.e. SPLP and TCLP) and co-disposal leaching procedure. The results showed that weathering had little or no beneficial effect on Cu leaching in SPLP and TCLP, which can be explained by the adsorption and complexation of Cu with DOM. However, the Cu leaching of weathered IBA was reduced significantly when situated in fresh simulated landfill leachate. This was attributed to weakening Cu complexation with fulvic acid or hydrophilic fractions and/or intensifying Cu absorption to neoformed hydr(oxide) minerals in weathered IBA. The amount of total leaching Cu and Cu in free or labile complex fraction (the fraction with the highest mobility and bio-toxicity) of the 408-h weathered IBA were remarkably decreased by 86.3% and 97.6% in the 15-day co-disposal leaching test. Accelerated weathering of IBA may be an effective pretreatment method to decrease Cu leaching prior to its co-disposal with refuse.     

耐静水压测定仪的研制

本文介绍了用于测定高效过滤纸和防水织物抗渗水性的耐静水压测定仪的设计思路和组成结构,通过采用变频器控制电动机的转速成功地研制了性能稳定的耐静水压测定仪.