DO和pH值在短程硝化中的作用

在SBR反应器中对DO和pH值在短程硝化和半亚硝化过程中的作用进行试验研究,结果表明,控制低DO和适宜的pH值在短程硝化过程中起着重要的作用.本试验条件下,当DO为0.5～1.0 mg/L、pH值为7.5～8.0时,在SBR反应器中很容易实现短程硝化;当DO＞0.3 mg/L时,DO越低,出水NO2--N积累率越高;当pH值＞6.8时,不会影响系统NO2--N积累的稳定性.另外,研究结果还表明,通过控制DO和pH值可以实现半亚硝化.本试验条件下,当进水氨氮浓度为120 mg/L时,控制DO为0.3～0.4 mg/L可实现出水半亚硝化;当进水氨氮浓度为200 mg/L时,控制DO为0.5～0.6 mg/L或pH值为6.8也可以实现出水半亚硝化.     

γ-射线辐照法改善城市污水厂剩余污泥厌氧消化特性的研究

采用γ-射线辐照法对城市污水厂剩余污泥进行预处理，从固体组分、可溶性组分及厌氧产气量等角度来探讨γ-射线辐照法改善城市污水厂剩余污泥厌氧消化特性的可行性。结果表明，经γ-射线辐照处理后，污泥的平均粒径减小，在辐照剂量为6．51-30．75kGy范围内，粒径的减小率达30％-50％；可溶性有机组分随着辐照剂量升高而增加，当辐照剂量为19．4kGy时，SCOD增加率达552．5％；与未辐照相比，污泥经2．48、6．51、11．24kGy辐照处理后，厌氧消化累计产气量分别增加8．89％、19．74％和35．81％。γ-射线辐照法是一种有效的改善污泥厌氧消化特性的方法，11．24kGy左右的剂量可作为污泥预处理的最佳剂量。     

以pH和ORP作为脉冲SBR工艺的实时控制参数

为了实现脉冲SBR深度脱氮的实时控制，以某污水处理厂市政污水为处理对象，考察了脉冲SBR在深度脱氮过程中pH及ORP的变化规律。试验结果表明，pH及ORP的变化规律与脉冲SBR有机物去除、硝化与反硝化过程存在较好的相关关系。可以根据pH和ORP变化曲线上的特征点对脉冲SBR进行实时控制。并考察了污水C／N（COD／NH4^＋-N）对pH及ORP的变化规律的影响。在硝化过程中，C／N对pH及ORP曲线变化点的出现没有影响；在反硝化过程中，应结合pH值“硝酸盐峰”和ORP“硝酸盐膝”来判断低C／N污水反硝化的终点。在该试验中，出水TN低于2mg／L，TN去除率可达到96％以上。     

秸秆成型燃料锅炉污染物排放规律试验研究

根据锅炉烟尘测试方法(GB 5468-91)及锅炉大气污染物排放标准(GB 13271-2001),在不同风门的工况下,分别对设计的双层炉排秸秆成型燃料锅炉污染物排放规律进行试验.试验表明,在较好工况下,双层炉排锅炉排烟中CO等中间产物及烟尘含量低于单层炉排锅炉,其排烟中CO、NOx、SO2和烟尘浓度等指标远远低于燃煤锅炉,符合国家关于工业锅炉大气污染物排放标准要求,有较好环保效益.     

Coupled production and transport of selenium vapor in unsaturated soil: evaluation by experiments and numerical simulation

Volatilization of selenium (Se) from soil to the atmosphere involves several sequential chemical reactions that form volatile Se species, followed by transport of the gaseous Se through the soil. This paper describes a numerical model that simulates the chemical and physical processes governing the production and transport of Se vapor in unsaturated soil. The model couples the four Se species involved in the production of Se vapor through chemical reactions, and allows each to migrate through the soil by advection, liquid or vapor diffusion depending on its affinity for the dissolved or vapor phase. The coupled transformations and transport of the four Se species, i.e., selenate, selenite, elemental and organic Se, and Se vapor, were calculated based on the Crank-Nicolson finite difference method. The model was used to analyze fluxes of Se vapor measured from a soil amended with inorganic Se in the form of selenate and covered with unamended clean soil of various thicknesses. Evolution of Se vapor from the soil was very fast, with measurable amounts of Se detected within 24 h. The peak of Se volatilization, detected at the 6th day, reached 3.31 Se microgram/day for the uncovered soil, but was reduced to near the detection limit (0.05 microgram/day) in the presence of a 8- or 16-cm clean soil cover. With two reaction rate coefficients fitted to the data, the model described Se volatilization very well. The estimated rate coefficient of Se methylation was unexpectedly high, with a value of 0.167/day. The net volatilization of Se, however, was severely inhibited by the fast demethylation, i.e., the reverse reaction which converted volatile Se species back into nonvolatile forms. As a result, Se vapor only penetrated a few centimeters in the soil. The demethylation rate coefficient, assessed by independent transport experiments using dimethyl selenide, was estimated as 186.8/day, corresponding to a half-life of only 5.3 min for Se vapor. Results of this study indicated that rapid demethylation of Se vapor during its diffusive transport through a soil is probably an important limiting factor in the volatilization of Se under natural conditions.     

排污收费对企业污染控制技术创新激励作用的研究

运用模型方法研究了排污收费和行政手段对企业污染控制技术创新的激励作用,为环境管理政策应用提供了理论依据。结果表明,无论对创新企业还是模拟企业,在“技术创新－创新扩散－最优啮合反应”的技术创新过程中,排污收费更能刺激企业的污染控制技术创新行为。     

酸雨对污染环境中重金属化学行为的影响

综述了酸雨对污染环境中重金属化学行为的影响。在酸雨作用下 ,不同环境介质中重金属活性明显增强 ,化学形态转化明显 ,迁移能力和生态危害能力亦明显加强。探讨了控制酸雨发生、重金属污染环境修复技术以及开展复合污染环境化学风险评价的必要性     

Investigation on mechanism of phosphate removal on carbonized sludge adsorbent

For the removal of phosphate (PO₄^3 -) from water, an adsorbent was prepared via carbonization of sewage sludge from a wastewater treatment plant: carbonized sludge adsorbent (CSA). The mechanism of phosphate removal was determined after studying the structure and chemical properties of the CSA and its influence on phosphate removal. The results demonstrate that phosphate adsorption by the CSA can be fitted with the pseudo second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm models, indicating that the adsorption is single molecular layer adsorption dominated by chemical reaction. The active sites binding phosphate on the surface are composed of mineral particles containing Si/Ca/Al/Fe. The mineral containing Ca, calcite, is the main factor responsible for phosphate removal. The phosphate removal mechanism is a complex process including crystallization via the interaction between Ca^2 + and PO₄^3 -; formation of precipitates of Ca^2 +, Al^3 +, and PO₄^3 -; and adsorption of PO₄^3 - on some recalcitrant oxides composed of Si/Al/Fe.     

宜昌市天福庙水库沉积物磷形态分布特征及其释放通量估算

为揭示天福庙水库沉积物中磷的形态及空间分布特征,探讨沉积物-水界面磷的释放通量及其主要影响因素,在天福庙水库库区内设立了6个采样点,采用SMT（磷形态标准测试程序）法测量其沉积物中磷的形态组成,对沉积物磷空间分布、间隙水及上覆水PO₄3-质量浓度变化特征进行了分析,估算了磷释放通量.结果表明:①库区沉积物中TP主要由Ca-P（钙磷）构成,TP在水库库尾和支流入库处具有较高的质量分数,分别为4 904.6、5 015.2 mg/kg.TP、IP（无机磷）、Ca-P时空动态具有一致性,磷矿石灰污染是重要原因.②孔隙水中PO₄3-质量浓度在沉积物表层1~3 cm内存在很高的峰值,达11.3 mg/L,各采样点均高于上覆水中PO₄3-质量浓度,存在向上覆水释放PO₄3-的风险,孔隙水中PO₄3-质量浓度与TP质量分数及磷形态相关.③采用孔隙水扩散模型法估算PO₄3-在沉积物-上覆水界面上的释放通量,库区沉积物磷释放通量范围为0.13~3.08 mg/（m2·d）,平均值为1.03 mg/（m2·d）,处于较高水平.研究显示,磷矿开采是干流沉积物磷来源和形态组成的重要原因,库区磷释放通量与水流扰动密切相关,坝前、支流交汇处、库尾是库区内源磷污染的主要区域.      

模拟酸雨对烤烟叶片光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以烤烟为供试材料,采用土培盆栽的方法研究了不同pH值的模拟酸雨(pH5.6、pH4.5、pH4.0、pH3.5、pH3.0、pH2.5、pH2.0)对烤烟叶片叶绿素含量、气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明:pH≥3.5处理的轻度酸雨对烤烟Chl.a含量影响不大,但pH≤3.5处理烤烟叶片Chl.b和总叶绿素含量显著下降.pH≤2.5模拟酸雨使烤烟叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Ls)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、叶面饱和蒸气压力亏缺(VPD)显著降低,使烤烟叶片的气孔限制值(Ls)和潜在水分利用效率(WUEi)显著升高,模拟酸雨使pH2.0处理烤烟叶片的蒸腾速率(Tr)和pH2.5处理的瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)显著降低.pH≥3.5处理的光合有效量子产量(EQY)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学猝灭(qP)与对照差异不大,但pH≤3.0处理明显降低;烤烟叶片的非光化学猝灭呈先升高后降低趋势,pH≥3.5处理的非光化学猝灭(NPQ)明显高于pH≤3.0处理.