Factors influencing the photodegradation of N -nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water

In order to provide basic data for practical application, photodegradation experiment of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in aqueous solution was carried out with a low-pressure Hg lamp. Effects of the initial concentration of NDMA, solution pH, dissolved oxygen, and the presence of humic acid on NDMA photodegradation were investigated. NDMA at various initial concentrations selected in this study was almost completely photodegraded by UV irradiation within 20 min, except that at 1.07 mmol/L, NDMA could be photodegraded almost completely in the acidic and neutral solutions, while the removal efficiency decreased remarkably in the alkaline solution. Dissolved oxygen enhanced the NDMA photodegradation, and the presence of humic acid inhibited the degradation of NDMA. Depending on the initial concentration of NDMA, NDMA photodegradation by UV obeyed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. Dimethylamine, nitrite, and nitrate were detected as the photodegradation products of NDMA. ¹O₂ was found to be the reactive oxygen species present in the NDMA photodegradation process by UV, based on the inhibiting experiments using tert-butanol and sodium azide.     

西南地区酸雨形成大气化学过程

通过野外观测、实验室实验和数值模拟研究了西南地区酸雨形成大气化学过程.新认识如下:①人为排放引起的酸雨及空气污染,目前尚未明显波及到西藏高原;②在重污染区SO_2污染严重,不管降水云是否酸性或污染,降水总是酸性、受污染的,云下洗脱痕量气体及颗粒物起重要作用,氧化剂是降水酸化的控制剂;③在典型农村地区,降水化学组成依赖于降水云的化学组成,即依赖于云化学,酸化过程中SO_2是控制剂;④该地区主要氧化剂是H_2O_2,高度越高,云水中H_2O_2含量越高;⑤该地区是硫酸型酸雨,硝酸含量有上升趋势,在考虑降水酸度时有机酸贡献不可忽视;⑥降水中很多元素来自颗粒物,颗粒物缓冲参数化并耦合到云下洗脱模型中,大大缩小了观测与数值模拟的降水酸度之差.     

应用大型原状土柱渗漏计测定冬小麦-夏玉米轮作期硝态氮淋失

从 1998— 2 0 0 0年 ,利用土壤溶液提取器和大型原状土柱渗漏装置 (面积 0 18m2 ,2m深 )田间观测了北京地区冬小麦 夏玉米轮作期间的NO-3 N淋失 .设置对照和常量氮肥水平两个处理 .土柱渗出液的NO-3 N平均浓度 ,对照处理为 35 0mg L ,常量施氮土柱为 5 5 6mg L ;NO-3 N淋失通量 ,对照处理为 1 3g (m2 ·a) ,常量施氮土柱为 2 0g (m2 ·a) ;氮肥表观淋失百分数分别为 10 %、0 86 %和 0 5 4%,受年降雨变化的影响非常明显 .常量氮肥施用条件下 0— 2 0 0cm土壤提取液和土柱底部渗出液的NO-3 N浓度 ,都超过饮用水卫生标准 10mg L ,因此 ,常量施氮水平引起的硝态氮对浅层地下水的污染不容忽视 .     

气浮-A/O/SBR工艺在冷食加工废水处理中的应用

结合工程实例,介绍了气浮-A/O/SBR工艺在处理冷食加工废水处理工程中的实际应用。运行结果表明:该工艺运行稳定,处理效果好,COD去除率在90%以上,各项指标均优于GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》三级排放标准。     

燃煤电厂超低排放形势下空预器堵塞预防措施

就超低排放形势下,针对SCR脱硝系统运行中空预器堵塞引发机组安全稳定运行的问题,分析并找出空预器堵塞的原因,提出预防其堵塞的措施。优化环保设施(脱硝系统)运行方式,确保环保达标,能有效的预防空预器堵塞。     

固定化甲烷八叠球菌(Methanosarcina)研究——厌氧颗粒污泥的形成

用实验室规模的UASB反应器处理豆制品废水培养厌氧颗粒污泥。通过对颗粒污泥形成过程中的产气率、进出水COD、水滞留期（HRT）、进出水挥发酸（乙酸、丙酸和丁酸）浓度、所产气体的甲烷含量等的变化分析和对颗粒污泥中优势产甲烷菌的扫描（SEM）和透射（TEM）电镜观察,阐明颗粒污泥的形成过程及特性。实验结果表明,消化器运转50d左右形成了颗粒污泥,厌氧颗粒污泥形成期间的平均产气率为5.3L/L·d,最高产气率达到了8.1L/L·d,进水和出水COD分别为3000～5500mg/L和800～3000mg/L,平均HRT为10.4h,平均出水乙酸、丙酸和丁酸浓度分别为264.1、519.8和104.6mg/L,所产气体的平均甲烷含量为60.6％,颗粒污泥为黑色,直径0.5～3.0mm不等,沉降速率为119.6m/h,其中的优势产甲烷菌为鬃毛甲烷菌（Methanosaeta）,而甲烷八叠球菌（Methanosarcina）存在甚少。     

Impact of different benthic animals on phosphorus dynamics across the sediment-water interface

As a diagenetic progress, bioturbation influences solute exchange across the sediment-water interface (SWI). Different benthic animals have various mechanical activities in sediment, thereby they may have different effects on solute exchange across the SWI. This laboratory study examined the impacts of different benthic animals on phosphorus dynamics across the SWI. Tubificid worms and Chironomidae larvae were introduced as model organisms which, based on their mechanical activities, belong to upward-conveyors and gallery-diffusers, respectively. The microcosm simulation study was carried out with a continuous flow culture system, and all sediment, water, and worms and larvae specimens were sampled from Taihu Lake, China. To compare their bioturbation effects, the same biomass (17.1 g wet weight (ww)/m2) was adopted for worms and larvae.Worms altered no oxygen penetration depth in sediment, while larvae increased the O2 penetration depth, compared to the control treatment. Their emergence also enhanced sediment O2 uptake. The oxidation of ferrous iron in pore water produced ferric iron oxyhydroxides that adsorbed soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) from the overlying water and pore water. Larvae built obviously oxidized tubes with about 2 mm diameter and the maximum length of 6 cm in sediment, and significantly decreased ferrous iron and SRP in the pore water compared to the control and worms treatments. Worms constructed no visually-oxidized galleries in the sediment in contrast to larvae, and they did not significantly alter SRP in the pore water relative to the control treatment. The adsorption of ferric iron oxyhydroxides to SRP caused by worms and larvae inhibited SRP release from sediment. Comparatively, worms inhibited more SRP release than larvae based on the same biomass, as they successively renewed the ferric iron oxyhydroxides rich oxidation layer through their deposition.     

南太湖沉积物磷的释放研究

南太湖沉积物磷的释放与沉积物有机质含量、上覆水的化学性质、沉积物－水系统的细菌总数及湖泊水动力对沉积物释磷影响最强烈、沉积物因有机物含量不同，导致总有机磷、总氮、有机硫、水溶性无机硫含量差异，明显影响着磷的释放。沉积物－水系统的细菌总数与沉积物的释磷量存在显著性相关，而某细菌数量与释磷量相关笥不显著。对有机质含量低的沉积物，上覆水的ＢＯＤ，ＮＨ２－Ｎ浓度越高，磷的释放量越大。     

The social and environmental costs associated with water management practices in state environmental protection projects in Xinjiang,China

Since the late 1970s the central government of China has initiated several ecological environmental protection projects. The most significant of these has been the tui geng huan lin (returning cultivated land to forest and pasture) project in operation since the late 1990s. China's northwest region is characterized by lack of water resources, yet such resources are of vital importance. There is scant discussion in the literature (including in China) on the linkages between the environmental protection projects and water management practices. This paper analyses how central government environmental protection projects are interpreted in the local setting, and how local water management policies and practices correspond to the projects. The conclusion is that local water management policies and practices are interlinked with both central government and local government policies on the environmental protection projects, and a new process for the redistribution of water has been established. When equity and social costs are not factored into the planning of new environmental protection projects, the social costs may be as high as the environmental costs.     

湘江江水中重金属转化的主要地球化学因素

研究湘江江水悬浮态和溶解态金属浓度的变化、重金属在沉积物中的赋存形态及对制约湘江江水重金属进入沉积物的地球化学作用结果表明,在湿热的湘江流域气候环境条件下,河流水体中重金属的地球化学作用一方面表现出明显的地带性特征,即Fe/Mn水合氧化物的吸附沉淀作用较强,又受区域地质条件、岩石性质的影响,表现为较强的碳酸盐的地球化学作用,但不同金属的地球化学趋向不同,铅易以碳酸盐形式、铜主要依靠有机质的结合作用进入沉积物。