基于污染场地土壤中重金属人体可给性的健康风险评价

模拟测试土壤中重金属在人体胃肠系统中的溶解量(即人体可给量),并以此作为暴露剂量进行健康风险评估,能在一定程度上克服基于总量评估导致结果过于保守的问题. 该文综述了国内外目前已有的可给性测试方法,着重介绍了PBET(physiologically based extraction test)、SBET(simplified bioaccessibility extraction test)、RIVM(rijksinstituut voor volksgezondheid en milieu)及UBM(the unified bioaccessibility method)这4种常用方法的原理及主要参数取值;对目前测试方法在参数(pH、提取时间、提取液组分)取值、模拟过程与环境(消化过程、模拟环境、食物、微生物)存在的问题进行了分析;进一步介绍了基于重金属人体可给性的健康风险评估方法. 建议应在以下4个方面进一步开展研究:①基于我国人体胃肠生理特征建立土壤中重金属可给性的标准测试方法;②研究影响重金属可给性的关键因素并建立经验预测模型;③结合in vivo测试,验证方法的准确性,耦合结肠癌细胞跨膜转运测试模型,研究测试重金属的人体有效性的标准方法;④建立基于重金属可给性的层次化风险评估方法,完善现有风险评估技术导则.      

昆明市产业结构演进与用地结构关联性研究

以昆明市为研究区域,基于系统论思想构建城市协调发展评价体,采用比较分析法、person相关分析法、格兰杰因果检验、脉冲响应系数、偏差系数法对昆明市2000—2010年城市产业结构和用地结构的动态变化及其耦合关系进行了综合研究。结果表明:昆明市产业结构与用地结构之间经历了非同步变化后逐渐步入同步变化的轨迹,两者间存在长期稳定的相关性。从短期看,昆明市用地结构变化是产业结构变化的格兰杰原因,但产业结构变化与城市用地结构变化间不存在因果性关系,即城市用地结构与产业结构的有机耦合状态并不显著。在现阶段发展中,昆明市产业结构变化滞后于用地结构变化,两者间还未达到耦合协调的发展状态。     

Interspecific Variation in Susceptibility of Frog Tadpoles to the Pathogenic Fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

Abstract:  As part of an overall biodiversity crisis many amphibian populations are in decline throughout the world. Numerous causes have been invoked to explain these declines. These include habitat destruction, climate change, increasing levels of ultraviolet radiation, environmental contamination, and the introduction of non-native species and diseases. Several types of pathogens have been implicated in contributing to amphibian population declines: viruses, bacteria, oomycetes, and fungi. One particular fungus, the chytridiomycete Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis may have caused amphibian population declines in several regions. This pathogen causes chytridiomycosis, which is fatal to newly metamorphic and adult amphibians of certain species. We present experimental evidence that larval stages may also be susceptible to exposure to Batrachochytrium . There was, however, differential sensitivity to B. dendrobatidis in larvae we examined. In laboratory experiments, larval western toads (  Bufo boreas ) exposed to B. dendrobatidis experienced increased mortality and behaviors that suggested they were affected by exposure compared with unexposed control tadpoles. Larvae of Cascades frogs (  Rana cascadae ), bullfrogs ( R. catesbeiana ), and Pacific treefrogs ( Hyla regilla ) did not die after exposure to Batrachochytrium and appeared to behave normally. R. cascadae larvae exposed to B. dendrobatidis , however, showed an increase incidence in mouthpart abnormalities, a characteristic effect of chytridiomycosis, compared with unexposed controls. These results show that Batrachochytrium can negatively affect some species of amphibians at the larval stage and not others. The implications of interspecific variation in susceptibility to fungal infection are broad.     

Metabolism of potassium bromate in rats II. In vitro studies

To learn more about the biodegradation of potassium bromate, the decomposition of bromate in various tissues of rats was studied. Bromate was degraded very slowly in human saliva and plasma of rat. However, nearly all tissue homogenates and red blood cells could degrade bromate by a mechanism which exhibited some stability to heat. Furthermore, it was suggested that the bromate degradation active component in the supernatant fraction of a liver homogenate was in part glutathione.     

循环热处理对高速钢超塑性的影响

此文研究了循环热处理工艺对W6Mo5Cr4V2钢超塑性的影响.结果表明:该钢在1040℃两次循环淬火是实现其超塑性的最佳热处理工艺;按此工艺进行预处理后,在810℃、初始应变速率为5.56×10~(-1)s~(-1)的条件下,该钢的超塑延伸率可达187%.     

不可再生资源稀缺性研究的意义、现状与问题

本文为一篇综述性文章。文章扼要论述了研究不可再生资源稀缺性及其测试的意义，回顾并简单总结了不可再生资源稀缺必及稀缺程度测度国内外研究的现状与成果，最后展望了作者认为尚待进一步完善与研究的具体问题。     

Chemical characterization of fine particles from on-road vehicles in the Wutong tunnel in Shenzhen, China

Vehicle populations in China have been increasing sharply since 1990s. Vehicle emissions including various gaseous pollutants and particulate matter cause deterioration of air quality. However, measurements of particulate mater from on-road vehicles in China are scarcely reported, and thus the chemical compositions of particles emitted from vehicles in China are unknown. In this research, tunnel experiments were performed to measure PM2.5 in the Wutong tunnel, Shenzhen, China. Detailed PM2.5 chemical compositions, with organic compounds determined by GC/MS, in the tunnel were presented. Elemental carbon and organic matter composed 63% and 34% of the total PM2.5 mass in the Wutong tunnel, respectively. Alkanes, PAHs, hopanes, fatty acids, and dicarboxylic acids were the major identified organic compounds, and their source profiles in the PM2.5 in the Wutong tunnel were characterized. The comparisons of our measurements with those in the literature were also made to demonstrate the characteristics of the vehicle source profiles in the Wutong tunnel. The experimental results in this paper can improve understanding of particulate matter emitted from vehicles in China.     

Relationships between the abnormalities of the male reproductive organs and the accumulation of phenol compounds in the striped field mouse, Apodemus agrarius, inhabiting Korea

The relationships between the abnormalities of the male reproductive organs in striped field mice and the accumulation of endocrine-disrupting chemicals were assessed. Most mice collected at three areas were contaminated with phenol or organotin compounds. Fourteen to 42% of the mice at each area had abnormally shrunken reproductive organs, and some of them were contaminated with high levels of phenol compounds. Moreover, all the shrunken reproductive organs were damaged in the histological structure. The damage was observed also from several mice accumulating a high level of phenol compounds even though they had normally developed reproductive organs, although no damage was found in the mice accumulating a high level of organotin compounds. Collectively, the abnormalities of the reproductive organs in the mice seemed to be related to the accumulation of phenol compounds rather than of organotin compounds.     

中国省域城市生态适宜度综合评价

依据城市生态系统原理,从生产位、生活位、环境位3方面构建了综合衡量城市生态适宜度的指标体系和数学方法,以各个省区地级以上城市作为分析样本,通过对评价区的各领域以及生态适宜度水平综合评价,结果表明:中国省域城市生态适宜度具有的明显区域性差异,城市生态适宜度大致呈现:东部高、中西部低,南方高、北方低的格局,既与区域自然生态条件有关,也同地方社会经济发展、城市建设与管理水平相关。     

高铁酸盐对藻类肝毒素的降解

研究高铁酸盐对悦目颤藻(Oscillatoria amoena)肝毒素(Microcystin-LR)的降解效能及其与pH的关系. 结果表明,处理有机质含量很高的藻类肝毒素粗提液,当高铁投加量增到40mg/L,pH控制在6～10,肝毒素几乎被完全降解.同时高铁的还原产物Fe³⁺、Fe(OH)₃发挥其助凝、絮凝的作用,对水体中有机质吸附沉降去除,TOC去除率达到50%左右,铁几乎无残留.高效液相色谱分析发现,作用机制可能是高铁氧化或异构化Adda基团的共轭双键,使Adda基团的结构发生变化,从而降低其毒性.