考虑熟悉度与恐慌效应的人群引导疏散仿真算法研究*

为研究紧急情况下人群疏散行为特点,结合势场理论和多出口选择模型,建立考虑引导、熟悉度和恐慌效应的PFT-LMES人群疏散算法。通过搭建有障碍和无障碍2种室内场景,研究不同环境熟悉度以及行人密度下引导作用对人群疏散效果的影响。研究结果表明:引导作用能够提高疏散效率,平衡各出口利用率,引导效果随行人密度增加更加显著;总体疏散时间随引导强度的提高表现为先减小后增大;当接受引导的人数占总数的42%时,2出口各自选择人数与出口通行能力比例基本一致,引导效果达到最优;相对于环境熟悉度较高的人群,不熟悉环境行人的引导效果更为显著。研究结果可为大型场所的紧急高效疏散提供参考。     

Rush-hour aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons in selected subway stations of Shanghai, China

Air samples were collected simultaneously at platform, mezzanine and outdoor in five typical stations of subway system in Shanghai, China using stainless steel canisters and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass selective detector (GC-MSD) after cryogenic preconcentration. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) at the platforms and mezzanines inside the stations averaged (10.3 ± 2.1), (38.7 ± 9.0), (19.4 ± 10.1) and (30.0 ± 11.1) μg/m³, respectively; while trichloroethylene (TrCE), tetrachloroethylene (TeCE) and para-dichlorobenzene (pDCB), vinyl chloride and carbon tetrachloride were the most abundant chlorinated hydrocarbons inside the stations with average levels of (3.6 ± 1.3), (1.3 ± 0.5), (4.1 ± 1.1), (2.2 ± 1.1) and (1.2 ± 0.3) μg/m³, respectively. Mean levels of major aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons were higher indoor (platforms and mezzanines) than outdoor with average indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios of 1.1-9.5, whereas no significant indoor/outdoor differences were found except for benzene and TrCE. The highly significant mutual correlations (p < 0.01) for BTEX between indoor and outdoor and their significant correlation (p < 0.05) with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), a marker of traffic-related emission without other indoor and outdoor sources, indicated that BTEX were introduced into the subway stations from indoor/outdoor air exchange and traffic emission should be their dominant source. TrCE and pDCB were mainly from indoor emission and TeCE might have both indoor emission sources and contribution from outdoor air, especially in the mezzanines.     

近海泥沙输运与生态系统的耦合模拟研究进展

详细描述了泥沙输运过程的生态学概念,即悬浮泥沙和底沙动力过程对近海海洋生态系统的作用,包括泥沙的吸附解吸、沉降与再悬浮过程,底床营养物质释放、对光合作用的影响,以及对近岸海水富营养化和有害赤潮的影响;在近几年近岸海域泥沙输运过程及生态动力学模型研究基础上,回顾了泥沙输运过程与生态系统模型的研究现状。结合现阶段取得的主要研究成果,认为海洋生态系统动力学模型研究应考虑近海泥沙输运过程,定量研究泥沙动力过程的影响,并逐步构建包含泥沙动力模块的海洋生态动力学业务化模型体系。     

光催化体系中噻虫胺降解动力学及机制

利用光催化技术探讨了烟碱类杀虫剂噻虫胺在水体环境中降解的可行性,不同催化剂浓度、反应温度、底物浓度、溶液初始p H值和不同阴阳离子等因素对其光催化降解动力学的影响,及其初步的光催化降解机制.结果表明噻虫胺的光催化降解符合L-H动力模型,其降解假一级动力学速率常数为0.050 6 min-1.当催化剂用量(TiO_2)为3.0 g·L~(-1)时,噻虫胺的光催化降解速率最大;高温和较低的底物浓度有利于噻虫胺的光催化降解;溶液的初始p H值为5时噻虫胺的降解速率最大,强酸和强碱均不利于其光催化降解.而无机阴、阳离子对噻虫胺降解均有明显的抑制作用.最后,通过GC/MS对噻虫胺光催化降解中间产物进行了初步鉴定,研究发现在活性氧物种的作用下噻虫胺降解途径主要有母体化合物的羟基化,硝基胍基团中N—N的断裂,以及连接硝基胍和噻唑环的C—N键的裂解等.     

低分子有机酸强化植物修复重金属污染土壤的作用与机制

植物修复是利用植物的物理、化学作用去除污染土壤中重金属的技术方法,可以减少二次污染物的产生,具有经济可行性.低分子有机酸（LMWOAs）具有生物降解性和环境友好性,在重金属污染土壤植物修复中具有较强的应用潜力.综述了LMWOAs在植物修复中的作用机制,主要包括：①调控根茎叶发育,增加植物生物量,强化植物富集效果;②增强光合作用,提升植物抗性,提高对重金属的耐受能力;③改变根际土壤性质,提高根际微生物活性,促进对重金属的吸收;④改变重金属形态,减轻重金属毒性,提高转运效率.最后阐述了LMWOAs强化植物修复重金属污染土壤的优缺点及应用,提出了LMWOAs在重金属污染土壤植物修复中的研究方向,这对LMWOAs在未来植物修复中的研究和应用具有科学意义.     

Impact of Covid-19 partial lockdown on PM2.5, SO2, NO2, O3, and trace elements in PM2.5 in Hanoi,Vietnam

Covid-19 lockdowns have improved the ambient air quality across the world via reduced air pollutant levels. This article aims to investigate the effect of the partial lockdown on the main ambient air pollutants and their elemental concentrations bound to PM_2.5 in Hanoi. In addition to the PM_2.5 samples collected at three urban sites in Hanoi, the daily PM_2.5, NO₂, O₃, and SO₂ levels were collected from the automatic ambient air quality monitoring station at Nguyen Van Cu street to analyze the pollution level before (March 10th–March 31st) and during the partial lockdown (April 1st–April 22nd) with “current” data obtained in 2020 and “historical” data obtained in 2014, 2016, and 2017. The results showed that NO₂, PM_2.5, O₃, and SO₂ concentrations obtained from the automatic ambient air quality monitoring station were reduced by 75.8, 55.9, 21.4, and 60.7%, respectively, compared with historical data. Besides, the concentration of PM_2.5 at sampling sites declined by 41.8% during the partial lockdown. Furthermore, there was a drastic negative relationship between the boundary layer height (BLH) and the daily mean PM_2.5 in Hanoi. The concentrations of Cd, Se, As, Sr, Ba, Cu, Mn, Pb, K, Zn, Ca, Al, and Mg during the partial lockdown were lower than those before the partial lockdown. The results of enrichment factor (EF) values and principal component analysis (PCA) concluded that trace elements in PM_2.5 before the partial lockdown were more affected by industrial activities than those during the partial lockdown.

     

新风系统现状分析及发展前景探讨

介绍了新风系统的定义与分类,分析了新风系统市场及行业发展现状,对比了国内外新风系统标准的相关参数,阐述了新风系统与空气净化器、中央空调及通风的联系与区别,最后探讨了新风系统的发展前景。     

天津市大气能见度与颗粒物污染的关系

利用天津市大气边界层观测站2009年能见度、相对湿度、风速逐时观测资料和2009年3月9~21日期间颗粒物的膜采样数据,分析天津市大气能见度与颗粒物污染的关系.结果表明,颗粒物质量浓度与能见度变化总体呈负相关,小粒径颗粒对能见度的影响作用明显,随着能见度的降低,小粒径颗粒与大粒径颗粒浓度的比值明显增加.能见度与颗粒物中总碳质量浓度变化呈负相关. SO42-,NO3-,OC和EC对大气消光贡献平均值分别为28.7%,6.1%,27.6%和19.2%.表明观测期间颗粒物中SO42-,OC对能见度的影响明显.     

氧化沟工艺低氧同步脱氮启动研究

在常温条件下,采用小试Pasveer氧化沟处理低C/N实际污水,通过控制好氧区平均ρ(DO)为0.2～0.4 mg/L,保持好氧区与缺氧区体积比为1∶1,成功实现低氧脱氮过程。其中,模式1先接种好氧污泥并逐渐降低好氧区DO,然后接种缺氧污泥;模式2初始阶段保持低氧环境,并直接接种好氧和缺氧混合污泥。结果显示:两种方式均能成功启动低氧脱氮并保持较高的脱氮率;同时,当C/N值为1.94时,氨氮去除率较高;当C/N值为3.00时,总氮去除率较高,低氧低碳条件下脱氮效果较好。     

太湖春季藻类生长的磷营养盐阈值研究

为了探讨太湖春季藻类生长的磷营养盐阈值,采用原位营养盐富集生物模拟实验,研究了太湖梅梁湾浮游植物对不同浓度无机磷(PO43--P)的生长响应.结果表明:外源磷添加能显著的促进浮游植物生长,但存在阈值.当磷浓度低于0.02mg/L时,藻类生长速率和生物量是可控的,当磷浓度高于0.02mg/L时,生长速率和生物量没有变化,因此春季藻类生长的无机磷阈值为0.02mg/L,相当于总磷阈值为0.059mg/L.太湖目前只有部分湖区总磷年平均浓度处于总磷阈值以下,控制流域的磷负荷,降低太湖的浮游植物生物量将是一个长期过程.