China’s Grain for Green policy and farm dynamics: simulating household land-use responses

Analyzing the interaction between environmental policies and farmers’ responses to them is an important dimension to understand regional agro-ecosystem sustainability. We examine land-use outcomes of perhaps the largest government-planned rural reforestation program in the history of humankind, China’s “Grain for Green” (GFG) policy from 1999 to 2006. Specifically, we simulate household responses to the GFG policy in Western China’s Shaanxi Province, a region experiencing acute climate and land change-related environmental degradation. We develop a “farmer group decision-making model” to simulate the probability of land-use change. Elevation, slope, and farm household characteristics emerge as key factors influencing farmers’ land-use decisions and subsequent land-use patterns. Land reversion and abandonment in the study area have been significantly affected by the GFG program. Policy recommendations suggest potential avenues to enhance the effectiveness of the GFG program and to improve the efficient use of under-used farmland. Results may help inform the Chinese government as it crafts policy guiding a coupled rural migration and reforestation program of unprecedented scale.     

Recycling nickel from spent catalyst of Phu My fertilizer plant as a precursor for exhaust gas treatment catalysts preparation

In this study, a very promising way of treating and recycling spent nickel catalysts of fertilizer plants in Vietnam was proposed. Firstly, nickel was recovered from spent catalyst using HNO₃—leaching process. Results show that nickel recovery of over 90% with a purity of over 90% can be achieved with HNO₃ 2.1–2.5 M at 100?°C in 75 min. The residue after leaching is not considered as a hazardous waste according to the Vietnamese regulations. Then, the leachate solution was used as a precursor to prepare a model catalyst for exhaust gas (CO, HC, NO_x) treatment. In comparison with the catalyst prepared from the commercial nickel nitrate solution, the catalyst synthesized from recovered nickel exhibits similar properties and activities. The influence of Ni loading of Ni/alumina catalyst as well as the modification of active phase by some metals addition (Mn, Ba, Ce) was also investigated. It is feasible to modify active phase by transition metals such as Mn, Ba, and Ce for complete oxidation of CO and HC at 270?°C and a reduction of NO_x below 350?°C at high volumetric flow condition (GHSV?=?110.000 h^?1).     

基于GIS的鄱阳湖流域非点源吸附态污染物时空变化研究

鄱阳湖作为中国最大的淡水湖,国际重要湿地,其生态环境保护与可持续发展意义重大。基于GIS技术,以鄱阳湖流域为研究区域,利用3个时期多源数据,首先运用土壤流失方程估算鄱阳湖流域土壤侵蚀量,计算土壤侵蚀模数,然后根据泥沙输移比估算水体的泥沙负荷,最后采用颗粒态氮磷营养盐迁移经验模型定量研究鄱阳湖流域非点源吸附态污染物N、P负荷的时空变化规律。结果显示:吸附态氮磷污染负荷在空间分布上呈现出四周高、中间低的特点,相对较高的区域位于流域中、上游,这主要由于该区域多为山地陡坡;相对略低的区域位于流域的下游地区,这主要因为该区域平原和丘陵交错分布,土壤侵蚀强度较低。时间变化上,全流域单位面积N、P吸附态污染物负荷大都呈现先增加后减少的趋势,同时减少的幅度较增加的幅度大。     

不同硫源对红串红球菌生长和脱硫比活性的效应

本文牛磺酸、硫酸镁和二苯噻吩（ＤＢＴ）分别作为唯一硫源以及ＤＢＴ不同供给量对红串红球菌生长和脱硫比活性的效应进行了研究,结果表明,红串红球菌肯 利用有机和无机硫化合物作为硫源的能力。与牛磺酸和到镁相比,ＤＢＴ是促进红串红球菌生长和提高其脱硫比活红串红球菌的最大脱硫比活性达７９．１ｍｍｏｌ２ＨＢＰ．ｋｇ＾－１．ｈ＾－１。影响红串红球菌脱硫比活性的因素主要是其生长的不同阶段、ＤＢＴ供给量和羟基二苯生产     

川渝地区旅游供求关系及其意义

根据１９９５年四川省（含重庆市）国内旅游抽样调查资料,对抽样的４５外景点及其１７２５位游客进行分类分解,文中将抽样景点划分为八大类型,并从游客性别。来源、年龄,职业、收入、水平、旅游目的、出行时间、花费等方面详尽分析了旅游客个性特征与景点类型的相关系。     

关于环境管理方式的几点思考

我国利用经济手段、行政手段治理环境污染存在一定局限 ,从而使各项环保措施难以收到理想效果。文章针对几种环境管理方式的局限性 ,指出开展环境保护工作不能“一刀切” ,也不能对国外流行的方式照搬照抄 ,而是要脚踏实地 ,从现实入手进行环境管理。最后对几种新环境管理方式给予了评价。     

Biodegradation of methyl parathion by Acinetobacter radioresistens USTB-04

Biodegradation of methyl parathion (MP),a widely used organophosphorus pesticide,was investigated using a newly isolated bacterium strain Acinetobacter radioresistens USTB-04.MP at an initial concentration of 1200 mg/L could be totally biodegraded by A.radioresistens USTB-04 as the sole carbon source less than 4 d in the presence of phosphate and urea as phosphorus and nitrogen sources,respectively.Biodegradation of MP was also achieved using cell-free extract of A.radioresistens USTB-04.MP at an initial concentration of 130 mg/L was completely biodegraded in 2 h in the presence of cell-free extract with a protein concentration of 148.0 mg/L,which was increased with the increase of pH from 5.0 to 8.0.Contrary to published reports,no intermediate or final degradation metabolites of MP could be observed.Thus we suggest that the cleavage of C--C bond on the benzene ring other than P-O bond may be the biodegradation pathway of MP by A.radioresistens USTB-04.     

城市天然气加气站噪声影响分析及噪声控制技术

城市天然气加气站位于城市道路和居民区周边。由于加气站地理位置特殊,声源复杂,与周边道路对环境的影响叠加,还要考虑通风散热等问题,噪声治理难度大。目前,国内关于城市天然气加气站的噪声控制研究的报道较少。本研究以合肥市长江西路天然气加气站为例,根据城市天然气加气站加气工艺噪声源及邻近交通噪声对周围环境进行叠加影响预测,根据预测结果和通风散热等工艺要求设计冷却塔安装进风、出风消声器和隔声罩,压缩机安装局部通风隔声罩及压缩机房东墙内安装隔声墙及通风隔声窗等措施。经检验,研究结果好于《工业企业厂界噪声排放标准（GB12348-2008）》中的2类标准的夜间50 dB（A）的标准。该研究设计技术工艺、参数先进合理,费用低且实际简单,为国内天然气加气站噪声预测及治理提供较好的示范作用。     

阳极石墨毡酸处理对微生物燃料电池型BOD传感器性能的影响

通过石墨毡表面润湿性的变化,确定了硝酸酸化处理石墨毡的操作条件。采用硝酸处理后的石墨毡作为电极材料,构建双室无介体微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)型BOD传感器,并对BOD传感器的性能进行评价。结果表明,硝酸酸化处理明显提高石墨毡表面的润湿性,经过4 h酸化处理,石墨毡的表面接触角由142.5°下降到86.5°。采用硝酸处理的石墨毡作为电极材料,MFC的电流输出明显提高且稳定,在响应时间小于10 h条件下,废水BOD检测上限为100 mg/L。废水BOD浓度在2~50 mg/L范围内,可以利用BOD浓度与电流最大值之间的线性关系进行废水BOD浓度检测,废水BOD浓度在2~100 mg/L范围内,可以利用BOD浓度与电荷量之间的线性关系对废水BOD浓度进行检测,检测相对误差均在12%以下。MFC型BOD传感器运行稳定,相对标准偏差均在10%以下。     

国际温室气体监测量值传递与质量控制经验及启示

建立温室气体监测量值传递与质量控制体系,对于保障温室气体监测数据的准确性、可比性和计量溯源性具有重要意义。世界气象组织于1989年组建了全球大气观测网络,欧洲、美国也分别建立了区域、城市温室气体监测系统。相比之下,我国温室气体监测起步较晚。因此,亟需建立我国独立自主的温室气体监测量值传递与质量控制体系,为准确核验温室气体排放量,实现“双碳”目标,提供可靠的数据支撑。通过总结国际温室气体监测量值溯源与传递体系、质量管理与质量控制体系等的先进经验,对我国温室气体监测提出以下建议：设立满足排放量准确评估要求的数据质量目标;研制独立自主、国际等效的高准确度基准标气;加快构建量值传递与质量控制体系,并建立健全相关技术标准规范;探索研究其他温室气体监测量值溯源与传递方法。