阳极石墨毡酸处理对微生物燃料电池型BOD传感器性能的影响

通过石墨毡表面润湿性的变化,确定了硝酸酸化处理石墨毡的操作条件。采用硝酸处理后的石墨毡作为电极材料,构建双室无介体微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)型BOD传感器,并对BOD传感器的性能进行评价。结果表明,硝酸酸化处理明显提高石墨毡表面的润湿性,经过4 h酸化处理,石墨毡的表面接触角由142.5°下降到86.5°。采用硝酸处理的石墨毡作为电极材料,MFC的电流输出明显提高且稳定,在响应时间小于10 h条件下,废水BOD检测上限为100 mg/L。废水BOD浓度在2~50 mg/L范围内,可以利用BOD浓度与电流最大值之间的线性关系进行废水BOD浓度检测,废水BOD浓度在2~100 mg/L范围内,可以利用BOD浓度与电荷量之间的线性关系对废水BOD浓度进行检测,检测相对误差均在12%以下。MFC型BOD传感器运行稳定,相对标准偏差均在10%以下。     

Tracer-based source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 in Guangzhou, southern China, using positive matrix factorization (PMF)

From 28 November to 23 December 2009, 24-h?PM_2.5 samples were collected simultaneously at six sites in Guangzhou. Concentrations of 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) together with certain molecular tracers for vehicular emissions (i.e., hopanes and elemental carbon), coal combustion (i.e., picene), and biomass burning (i.e., levoglucosan) were determined. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor model combined with tracer data was applied to explore the source contributions to PAHs. Three sources were identified by both inspecting the dominant tracer(s) in each factor and comparing source profiles derived from PMF with determined profiles in Guangzhou or in the Pearl River Delta region. The three sources identified were vehicular emissions (VE), biomass burning (BB), and coal combustion (CC), accounting for 11?±?2 %, 31?±?4 %, and 58?±?4 % of the total PAHs, respectively. CC replaced VE to become the most important source of PAHs in Guangzhou, reflecting the effective control of VE in recent years. The three sources had different contributions to PAHs with different ring sizes, with higher BB contributions (75?±?3 %) to four-ring PAHs such as pyrene and higher CC contributions (57?±?4 %) to six-ring PAHs such as benzo[ghi]perylene. Temporal variations of VE and CC contributions were probably caused by the change of weather conditions, while temporal variations of BB contributions were additionally influenced by the fluctuation of BB emissions. Source contributions also showed some spatial variations, probably due to the source emission variations near the sampling sites.     

Food utilization and growth of cutworm Spodoptera litura Fabricius larvae exposed to nickel,and its effect on reproductive potential

Food utilization and growth of the 5th and 6th instar Spodoptera litura Fabricius larvae, and its effect on reproduction potential was evaluated by feeding larvae diets with different doses of Ni for 3 generations. Dose-dependent relationships between Ni levels and food consumption and growth were variable with different larval developmental period and Ni exposure duration. RCR, AD and RGR of the 6th instar larvae were much more affected by Ni exposure than those of 5th instar larvae, and the effects were strongest in the 3rd generation. It was found that RCR was significantly stimulated after 1 and 20 mg kg⁻¹ Ni exposure, while AD was significantly inhibited after 1, 5, 10 and 40 mg kg⁻¹ Ni exposure. However, lower levels of Ni (?5 mg kg⁻¹) significantly increased and higher levels of Ni (?10 mg kg⁻¹) significantly decreased RGR. In 3 successive generations, 10 mg kg⁻¹ Ni significantly increased the ECI and ECD of the 5th instar larvae, and 5 mg kg⁻¹ Ni significantly increased the ECD of the 6th instar larvae. However, ECD were all significantly inhibited with 20 mg kg⁻¹ Ni exposure. Results also revealed that durations of larvae were shortened at low levels of Ni, but extended at high levels of Ni. Fecundity was inhibited by the highest Ni doses in each generation, while improved by low Ni doses in the 3rd generation. Hatching rates in all treatments were significantly decreased in a Ni dose-dependent manner. Study indicated that effects of Ni on these parameters were predominant with the increasing Ni exposure period.     

城市天然气加气站噪声影响分析及噪声控制技术简

城市天然气加气站位于城市道路和居民区周边。由于加气站地理位置特殊,声源复杂,与周边道路对环境的影响叠加,还要考虑通风散热等问题,噪声治理难度大。目前,国内关于城市天然气加气站的噪声控制研究的报道较少。本研究以合肥市长江西路天然气加气站为例,根据城市天然气加气站加气工艺噪声源及邻近交通噪声对周围环境进行叠加影响预测,根据预测结果和通风散热等工艺要求设计冷却塔安装进风、出风消声器和隔声罩,压缩机安装局部通风隔声罩及压缩机房东墙内安装隔声墙及通风隔声窗等措施。经检验,研究结果好于《工业企业厂界噪声排放标准（GB12348-2008）》中的2类标准的夜间50 dB（A）的标准。该研究设计技术工艺、参数先进合理,费用低且实际简单,为国内天然气加气站噪声预测及治理提供较好的示范作用。     

长江流域安庆段浅层地下水水化学特征及控制因素

浅层地下水为安庆市居民生活用水和工农业生产用水的主要水源,是维持社会经济可持续发展和区域生态环境的重要基础保障.为深入研究安庆市浅层地下水的水化学特征及控制因素,采集了 196组浅层地下水水样,综合运用Piper三线图、Gibbs图、离子比值和数理统计方法对安庆市地下水的水化学特征及控制因素进行研究,定量评估不同来源对地下水水化学组分的贡献.结果表明,安庆市浅层地下水呈弱碱性,pH值在5.84～8.38,均值为7.21;ρ(TDS)介于47～1 620 mg·L-1,均值为324.21 mg·L-1,阴阳离子主要以HCO3-和Ca2+为主,水化学类型为HCO3-Ca型.地下水水化学组分受岩石风化溶滤作用、阳离子交替吸附作用、矿物溶解和沉淀以及人类活动综合影响.Ca2+、Mg2+和HCO3-主要来源于碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩的风化溶解作用,Na+、Cl-和SO42-受工业活动和生活污水的排放、K+和NO3-受农业活动的影响.APCS-MLR受体模型分析进一步揭示地下水水化学组分主要有地质因子、工业因子、农业因子和未知源这4种来源,其贡献率分别为45.35％、14.19％、25.38％和15.08％.地质因子是浅层地下水水化学组分的重要来源,人类活动则加剧了地下水水化学的演变.     

凹凸棒粘土对水中亚甲蓝的吸附性能

用焦磷酸钠和盐酸纯化了地产凹凸棒粘土,SEM、XRD和FT-IR表征其结构。研究了凹凸棒粘土对亚甲蓝的吸附性能及热力学和动力学特征,考察了吸附时间、温度、初始浓度、pH和离子强度下对亚甲蓝吸附的影响。结果表明,不同实验条件下,吸附过程均符合准二级动力学特征。凹凸棒粘土对亚甲蓝是放热的物理吸附过程,吸附符合Langmuir模式,在303 K时最大吸附量为114.02 mg/g。与其他吸附材料相比,凹凸棒粘土对亚甲蓝有较快的吸附速率和较大的吸附量,可以作为价廉的吸附剂用于亚甲蓝的消除。     

膨润土对不同类型农田土壤重金属形态及生物有效性的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了膨润土对3种类型农田土壤中土壤理化性质、Cd、As、V和Cr的形态、小白菜(Brassica chinensis L.)生长、重金属吸收及根际微生物群落的影响.结果表明,添加膨润土降低了3种土壤中可交换态Cd比例,降幅依次为黄壤(Gy,19. 44%)黄褐土(Sy,13. 85%)潮土(Bf,5. 03%),小白菜地上部Cd对应降幅为Gy(34. 81%) Bf(23. 91%) Sy(11. 11%);与各自对照相比,Bf和Sy中可交换态As比例降低,降幅分别为4. 53%和25. 16%,Gy中可交换态As比例升高了0. 57%;可交换态Cr比例均升高,增幅依次为Sy(31. 30%) Gy(2. 91%) Bf(0. 58%); As、V和Cr残渣态均升高(Sy中Cr除外),小白菜对其吸收也不同程度地降低.膨润土有助于3种土壤中小白菜的生长,Bf中小白菜生物量、根表面积、根尖数分别增大了147. 55%、80. 71%和124. 31%.此外,膨润土降低了3种类型土壤中速效氮、速效磷和有机质的含量,增大了速效钾含量和根际微生物群落多样性.因此,认为膨润土均适用于这3种土壤的修复改良.     

介孔复合吸附材料对微污染水源水中有机污染物的吸附试验

研究介孔复合吸附材料对微污染水源水中有机污染物和总磷的去除效果。\"静态吸附\"试验结果表明,介孔复合吸附材料对微污染水源水的TOC和总P去除率分别为76.7%和68.9%;TOC饱和吸附量为5.27mg/(g·L),总P饱和吸附量为0.486mg/(g·L);\"动态吸附\"试验结果表明,介孔复合吸附材料的最佳处理量为35mL/g,最佳吸附流速为5mL/min,在此条件下对TOC和总P的去除效果分别为68.7%和20.3%。综上所述,介孔复合吸附材料的整体吸附效果与活性炭相当,具有一定的应用价值。     

霍邱县城湖泊沉积物营养盐分布及污染评价

为阐明霍邱县城西湖和城东湖表层沉积物营养盐的空间分布及污染特征,测定了城西湖和城东湖各30个表层沉积物样中的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和有机质(OM)含量,分析了其污染水平和来源.结果表明,城西湖总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、有机质(OM)含量显著高于城东湖,其含量平均值分别为746.23mg·kg^-1、538.38mg·kg^-1、1.17%和470.80mg·kg^-1、492.08mg·kg^-1、0.68%,城西湖的北部及西北部显著高于其他湖区,且大致由北向南呈递减的特点.C/N值表明城西湖和城东湖的有机质主要来源于无纤维束植物和浮游植物,相关性分析表明城西湖和城东湖TN、TP和OM具有同源性;城西湖和城东湖沉积物的TN单项指数(S_TN)的平均值分别为0.67和1.18,而TP单项指数(S_TP)平均值分别为0.42和1.08,表明两湖的TN处于清洁状态而TP处于中度污染状态,综合污染指数(FF)平均值分别为1.51和1.31,整体处于中度污染状态.有机指数...     

长江源头区孟宗小流域泥石流危害成因与防治对策浅析

通过对长江源头孟宗流域泥石流成因的调查，列举泥石流危害典型事例，分析了泥石流发生的条件和影响因素及其不同侵蚀类型在泥石流成因中所起的作用，并进一步提出了泥石流危害的防治对策。