长沙市某集中式饮用水水源地周边土壤重金属污染特征和风险评价

以长沙某河库兼用型饮用水水源地一、二级保护区土壤为研究对象,于2018年8月采用网格布点法在一级和二级保护区分别布设3个和7个采样点,在水源地历史采样区布设5个采样点,探究土壤中Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Hg、As的含量分布及污染水平.结果表明:土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的含量均值分...     

热喷涂粉尘理化特性及危害研究

通过对热喷涂现场粉尘进行采样和监测,分析了热喷涂粉尘的质量浓度、粒径分布、微观形貌及成分组成等理化特性,依此评估热喷涂粉尘潜在的危害。结果表明:热喷涂作业区域粉尘浓度普遍高于职业卫生标准规定的浓度限值;热喷涂粉尘粒径分布范围广,其中包含大量的微纳米粉尘颗粒,这些超细颗粒粉尘由于质量轻,受重力影响小,很难自然沉降,清除周期较长;粉尘含有多种金属元素,包括一些重金属,如铬、镍、铜等。这些特性决定了热喷涂粉尘危害的严重性,因此有必要采取保护措施减少其对从业人员的危害。     

Validation of a HRGC–ECNI/LRMS method to monitor short-chain chlorinated paraffins in human plasma

Short-chain chlorinated paraffins(SCCPs) are produced in high volume and have the high potential to pose a threat to human health. However, little information is available for SCCP contamination in human blood/plasma/serum, mainly due to the difficulty of sample preparation and quantitative analysis. A method using high resolution gas chromatography coupled with electron capture negative ionization low resolution mass spectrometry(HRGC–ECNI/LRMS) was developed and validated to measure SCCPs in human plasma. The pretreatment process included protein denaturation and lipid elimination, liquid–liquid extraction with a mixture of n-hexane/dichloromethane(1:1, V/V), and cleanup on a multilayer silica column. The blank controls, including procedural blank, vacuum blood collection tube blank, and instrumental blank, were the most pivotal points for the reliable analysis of SCCPs. The average value of procedural blanks was 9.0 ng/g; and the method detection limit(MDL), calculated as the sum of the average procedural blank value and 3 times of the standard deviation of the procedural blanks, was 12.6 ng/g plasma. The validated method was applied to measure the concentrations of the total SCCPs(∑ SCCPs) in50 plasma samples from a general population. The measured plasma concentrations of ∑SCCPs ranged from MDL to 203 ng/g wet weight(ww), with an average value of 32.0 ng/g ww.The relative abundance profiles of SCCPs in plasma samples were dominated by C10- and C11-CP congener groups centered on Cl6–7. The developed method can be used for the comprehensive and large-scale investigation of SCCP levels in human plasma.     

不同干扰方式对内蒙古典型草原土壤有机碳和全氮的影响

为准确把握草原生态保护与修复工程的实施效果,并为北方草地生态保护和优化管理提供有效的科学支持,选择内蒙古典型草原退牧还草工程区为研究对象,采用野外成对取样(围栏内-围栏外)与室内分析相结合的方法,研究了休牧、补播和自由放牧3种人为干扰方式对土壤容重、含水量、有机碳和全氮含量的影响。结果表明:在0~30 cm土层,随深度的增加,不同干扰方式对各指标的影响不同,但总体上草原土壤含水量、有机碳和全氮含量表现为补播﹥休牧﹥自由放牧(P0.05);土壤容重为自由放牧休牧补播(P0.05)。随土层深度增加,除土壤容重无显著变化外(P0.05),土壤有机碳和全氮含量均呈现显著下降(P0.05);土壤含水量则相反,其中,补播处理降幅最小,自由放牧处理降幅最大。0~30 cm各土层土壤容重与土壤含水量、土壤有机碳和全氮含量都成极显著负相关关系(P0.000 1),而土壤含水量、有机碳和全氮3项指标间相互成显著正相关关系(P0.000 1)。综上所述,不同干扰方式对草地土壤理化性状有明显影响,自由放牧加速了草地土壤有机碳和全氮的损失,而补播和休牧对遏制草地退化、恢复草地功能起到了积极的作用。     

Development of a risk-based maintenance strategy using FMEA for a continuous catalytic reforming plant

Petrochemical facilities and plants require essential ongoing maintenance to ensure high levels of reliability and safety. A risk-based maintenance (RBM) strategy is a useful tool to design a cost-effective maintenance schedule; its objective is to reduce overall risk in the operating facility. In risk assessment of a failure scenario, consequences often have three key features: personnel safety effect, environmental threat and economic loss. In this paper, to quantify the severity of personnel injury and environmental pollution, a failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) method is developed using subjective information derived from domain experts. On the basis of failure probability and consequence analysis, the risk is calculated and compared against the known acceptable risk criteria. To facilitate the comparison, a risk index is introduced, and weight factors are determined by an analytic hierarchy process. Finally, the appropriate maintenance tasks are scheduled under the risk constraints. A case study of a continuous catalytic reforming plant is used to illustrate the proposed approach. The results indicate that FMEA is helpful to identify critical facilities; the RBM strategy can increase the reliability of high-risk facilities, and corrective maintenance is the preferred approach for low-risk facilities to reduce maintenance expenditure.     

短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)和多环芳烃(PAHs)联合暴露对HepG2细胞抗氧化系统的影响

环境污染物的低剂量、联合毒性效应已经成为毒理学研究中的热点问题。短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)和多环芳烃(PAHs)都是典型的有机污染物且在人母乳和血液中都以较高的浓度水平存在。为探究PAHs和SCCPs的联合暴露毒性效应,选择了HepG2细胞作为受试模型,测定了PAHs、SCCPs和它们的混合物暴露后细胞增殖活性及抗氧化系统指标。结果表明,PAHs和SCCPs暴露都能引发ROS的产生,两者混合时更加剧了ROS的产生,表现为协同效应。另外,PAHs和SCCPs暴露都能引起过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的降低,因此两者混合时共同抑制SOD酶活性,表现为协同效应。而PAHs引起过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性升高,SCCPs则显著抑制CAT酶活性,两者联合暴露时CAT酶活性仍降低,但表现为拮抗效应。另外,PAHs和SCCPs暴露都引起谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量的轻微下降,只有SCCPs暴露引起丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高,而两者联合暴露对GSH含量和MDA含量的影响表现为拮抗效应。表明不管是PAHs和SCCPs单独暴露还是联合暴露都能够干扰HepG2细胞内部的抗氧化系统,破坏抗氧化系统和自由基之间的平衡,使细胞氧化性损伤,甚至造成细胞凋亡。     

大长径比管道汽油-空气混合气爆炸与抑制实验研究*

为探究狭长受限空间中油气爆炸失控时的发展状态,探索高效环保的油气爆炸抑制方法,利用长径比155的管道开展92号汽油-空气混合气爆炸发展规律和七氟丙烷主动抑爆技术研究。通过测量不同端部开口条件下油气爆炸超压、火焰传播速度、火焰强度等参数,对比研究空爆和抑爆工况下的油气爆炸变化规律,探讨长直管道中的油气爆炸特性,分析七氟丙烷抑爆效果。结果表明:大长径比管道中,端部开口泄爆对降低油气爆炸破坏能力的作用较小,开口与否对最大超压峰值的出现位置有影响;长直管道空爆时,油气爆炸由爆燃发展成爆轰,管道尾部的爆轰波速可达近2 000 m/s;密闭管道中,爆轰发生前火焰传播呈“已燃区-火焰锋面-待燃区-前驱激波-未燃区”的2波3区结构;主动抑爆方式下七氟丙烷抑爆效果良好,最大超压峰值降低幅度可达90%,火焰传播被及时阻断。     

富氧尾气中NOx催化净化的研究进展

本文对富氧条件下NOx 催化净化的研究现状进行了综述 ,并对其存在的问题进行了探讨     

排硫杆菌T12对硫氰酸钠和硫代硫酸钠的氧化

从处理腈纶废水的混合细菌SAT13中分离出一株化能自养细菌T12,命名为排硫杆菌T12(Thiobacillus thioparus T12)。该菌在含硫氰酸钠和硫代硫酸钠的无机合成培养基中生长较快,对硫氰酸钠和硫代硫酸钠的氧化能力很强。氧化的最适pH为6.6—7.6。在培养基中存在某些有机污染物的条件下不影响菌的生长和氧化硫氰酸钠的能力。当酚、丙烯腈和氰化钾等毒性大的污染物质浓度分别在125、225、5mg/L时即开始抑制硫氰酸钠的氧化。     

絮凝沉淀-H2O2/UV体系处理发制品废水的研究

研究了发制品废水经絮凝沉淀－H2O2／UV体系处理的可行性。结果表明，废水经处理后，COD去除率可达90％以上，色度去除率达100％，探讨了投药量、反应pH、反应时间等因素对COD去除率的影响，并比较了H2O2／F^2 、H2O2／UV、H2O2／Fe^2 ／UV三种体系的处理效果。