基于协同推进生态文明建设的“多评融合”路径初探

评估是一种权力。各类"评估"实际上都代表了其主管部门的权力和利益,甚至沦为各部门争夺话语权、攫取部门利益的一道关卡。多种评价"混战",不仅评价内容重复、程序烦琐、浪费人力和资源,同时评价背后代表其主管部门的利益和权力,评价的"混战"也成为各部门维护自身利益、争夺话语权的"混战"。本文在对现有评价制度、实施情况、存在问题的剖析的基础上,基于协同推进生态文明建设的要求,提出横向上协同相关部门、纵向上协同国家和地方、政府和市场、政策规划与项目等重大决策的多评融合实施路径,最后提出了多评融合的四项政策建议。     

碱激发粉煤灰对Cs~+的吸附行为

将粉煤灰进行碱激发改性,运用XRD和SEM技术对碱激发粉煤灰进行了表征,通过静态平衡吸附实验研究了碱激发粉煤灰对Cs+的吸附动力学和热力学特性,并对吸附前后的碱激发粉煤灰进行了FTIR分析。表征结果显示,碱激发处理后,粉煤灰的晶相发生了改变,且粉煤灰表面密实的硬壳层被破坏。实验结果表明:在初始Cs+质量浓度为200 mg/L、吸附温度为25℃、溶液pH为10、碱激发粉煤灰投加量为12.0 g/L的条件下,碱激发粉煤灰对Cs+的平衡吸附率可达80%以上,其吸附能力比碱激发前提高了3倍以上;吸附过程可用准二阶动力学方程来描述,并较好地符合Langmuir等温吸附模型;碱激发粉煤灰对Cs+的吸附是吸热过程,且能自发进行;该过程以物理吸附为主,并伴随化学吸附。     

Functional gene expression of oil-degrading bacteria resistant to hexadecane toxicity

Contamination with oil poses a threat to the environment and to human health worldwide. Biological methodologies have proved to be economical, versatile and efficient for the remediation of pollutants. In this paper, a highly efficient oil-degrading bacterial strain USTB-2 was isolated from an oil production well of Dagang oil field in Tianjin, China. The 16S rRNA sequence of USTB-2 showed 100% similarity with that of Bacillus subtilis BSn5. Hexadecane is one of the most important components in petroleum. The half inhibitory ratio (IC₅₀) of hexadecane inhibited organisms, determined by microcalorimetry, was lower in USTB-2 than in B. BSn5. The results indicate that the strain USTB-2 degrades hexadecane to make it less toxic compared with the normal strain. RT-PCR was used to evaluate the expression of oil-degrading enzymes, specifically 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-monooxygenase genes (HPMO). A sharp increase in the expression of HPMO genes was observed for USTB-2, while the expression of HPMO genes in reference strain B. BSn5 remained relatively stable. These methods can be used to study the metabolic potential of microorganisms for in situ oil decontamination.     

我国电子废弃物回收处理体系比较与建议

根据目前我国电子废弃物回收处理体系的现实情况,从回收网络、处理情况和优缺点等方面,分析比较了我国五种电子废弃物回收处理体系：个体户回收处理体系、民间回收处理体系、供销社回收处理体系、生产商回收处理体系和电子废弃物专业拆解公司回收处理体系,并提出建立“个体户＋公司＋拆解基地”合作关系电子废弃物回收处理体系的建议。     

“一带一路”沿线国家PM2.5污染与人口暴露风险的时空分布特征

使用1999—2016年0.01°×0.01°高空间分辨率的卫星反演PM_2.5浓度数据集，结合精度为1 km×1 km的人口栅格数据，分析了"一带一路"沿线65个国家PM_2.5污染与暴露风险的时空变化特征.结果表明：①PM_2.5浓度存在着明显的区域分布差异，PM_2.5浓度高值区（>35 μg·m^-3）主要分布在地形平坦、人口密集的恒河平原、华北平原和中南半岛等区域，中值区（10~35 μg·m^-3）主要集中在俄罗斯西部、中东欧、沙特东部和缅甸等区域，而低值区（<10 μg·m^-3）主要分布在高海拔、高纬度与荒漠化地区，如青藏高原、西伯利亚、西亚卢特沙漠等区域；②65国年均PM_2.5浓度从1999年的12.0 μg·m^-3上升到2016年的14.1 μg·m^-3，年均增长超过0.1 μg·m^-3，累计有22.5%的区域有显著的增加趋势，仅有5.2%的区域呈显著下降趋势；③2000—2016年，PM_2.5浓度在35 μg·m^-3以上的区域面积比重从2.2%上升到7.2%，暴露人口占比从18.9%增加至41.9%；④人口暴露风险平均值从2000年的665.2增加至2016年的1140.4，Hurst总体均值为0.59，其中大于0.5的持续性区域占82.3%，持续性特征以弱持续性为主.     

Occurrence and bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments and paddy ecosystems of Liaohe River Basin, northeast China

Concentrations of 16 polybrominated diphenyl ether(PBDE) congeners were measured in river sediments, paddy soils and three species of paddy-field organisms(crab, loach and carp) collected from the Liaohe River Basin, northeastern China. The total contents of PBDEs(∑_(16)PBDEs) in sediments and paddy soils were in the ranges of 273.4–3246.3 pg/g dry weight(dw), and 192.1–1783.8 pg/g dw, respectively. BDE 209 was the dominant congener both in sediments and paddy soils. The concentrations of ∑_(16)PBDEs in sediments were significantly higher than those in the adjacent paddy soils, indicating a potential transport of PBDEs from river to paddy ecosystems via river water irrigation. The biota–soil accumulation factor(BSAF) was calculated as the ratio between the lipid-normalized concentration in paddyfield organisms and the total organic carbon-normalized concentration in paddy soil. The average BSAF values of ∑15PBDEs followed the sequence of crab(3.6) loach(3.3) carp(2.1). BDE 154 had the highest BSAF value, and a parabolic trend between BSAF values of individual PBDE congeners and their log KOWvalues was observed. In view of the fact that crab had the larger BSAF value and higher lipid content, the ecological risk and health risk for crab cultivation in paddy fields should be of particular concern.     

地表水中阿特拉津检测方法的研究

利用固相萃取的方法对水样中的阿特拉津进行富集、洗脱和浓缩,得到了良好的分离效果、较宽的线性关系和较高的灵敏度,建立了水体中阿特拉津的高效液相色谱检测法。能达到地表水环境质量标准GB3838-2002中的要求。确定了固相萃取方法的相关条件,并在0.4 mg/L的阿特拉津标准样品下对色谱条件进行了优化,得出流动相配比在80～20,柱流速在0.45 mL/min,DAD检测波长为262 nm时,检测最佳。应用此检测条件得出标准曲线为y=0.229 6x+0.007 6,R2=0.999 3。用该方法实现了对地表水中阿特拉津的检测。     

污染类项目环境监理工作的实践与探索

建设项目环境监理是中国的一项新的环境保护制度,可以减小施工期的环境污染和生态破坏.结合污染类项目的环境监理工作的实践,重点阐述污染类项目环境监理内容、工作目标,以及在环境监理工作中存在的问题,并提出建议.     

Comprehensive screening and priority ranking of volatile organic compounds in Daliao River,China

An analytical strategy for comprehensive screening of target and non-target volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in surface water was developed, and it was applied to the analysis of VOCs in water samples from Daliao River. The target VOCs were quantified using purge and trap-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (P&T-GC/MS). Among 20 water samples, 34 VOCs were detected at least once. For the screening of non-target VOCs, the double distillation apparatus was used for the pre-concentration of VOCs prior to P&T-GC/MS analysis. Subsequently, deconvolution software and NIST mass spectral library were applied for the identification of the non-target compounds. A total of 17 non-target VOCs were identified. The most frequently detected VOCs (detection frequencies >80 %) included toluene, benzene, naphthalene, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, and methyl tert-butyl ether. The distribution of VOCs obviously varied according to the sampling sites. The total concentrations of VOCs in water samples collected from the heavily industrialized cities (Anshan and Liaoyang) and the busy port city (Yingkou) were relatively high. The top ten priority VOCs, including naphthalene, 1,2-dichloroethane, o-xylene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, tetrachloroethene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene, and p-xylene, were obtained by the ranking of the detected VOCs according to their occurrence and ecological effects. These compounds should be given more attention in monitoring and drainage control strategies.     

农田氮素淋溶损失影响因素及防治对策研究

农田氮素损失是造成农业非点源污染的主要原因之一,其中由于大量施用氮肥引起的土壤氮素淋溶损失又是农田氮素损失的重要途径.因此,农田氮素损失研究已成为国际土壤化学和环境科学领域研究的热点问题之一.根据近年来国内外在农田氮素运移领域的研究成果,从降雨和灌溉、施肥状况、土壤性质、耕作方式、作物种类和种植方式等方面分析了影响农田氮素淋溶损失的主要因素,提出了改进施肥方式、优化氮肥管理、推广缓释氮肥以及改善土地利用方式等提高氮肥利用率、减小氮素淋溶损失的防治对策.