Multiphase redistribution differences of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) between two successive sediment suspensions

Successive sediment suspensions often happen in estuary, yet little research has probed into the difference in the release behaviors of organic compounds among different suspensions. This study took polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as typical organic contaminants and investigated the release behaviors between two successive suspensions with a particle entrainment simulator (PES). Results showed that successive sediment suspensions lowered the concentration of dissolved PAHs in the overlying water via facilitating the re-adsorption of dissolved PAHs onto the suspended particles. Fast-release and slow-release periods of PAHs were successively observed in the both suspensions. The concentration changes of dissolved PAHs in the second suspension were generally similar with but hysteretic to those in the first suspension. More vigorous desorption and re-absorption of PAHs were induced in the second suspension. Successive sediment suspensions obviously decreased the concentrations of mineral composition and organic matters in the overlying water, which significantly affects multiphase distribution of PAHs.     

Mechanisms behind the accelerated extracellular electron transfer in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Geobacter sulfurreducens</Emphasis> DL-1 by modifying gold electrode with self-assembled monolayers

Modification of electrode surface with carboxylic acid terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) has been found to be an effective approach to improve the extracellular electron transfer (EET) of electrochemically active bacteria (EAB) on electrode surface, but the underlying mechanism behind such enhanced EET remains unclear. In this work, the gold electrodes modified by mercapto-acetic acid and mercaptoethylamine (Au-COOH, Au-NH₂) were used as anodes in microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) inoculated with Geobacter sulfurreducens DL-1, and their electrochemical performance and the bacteria-electrode interactions were investigated. Results showed that the Fe(CN) ₆ ^3–/4– redox reaction occurred on the Au-NH₂ with a higher rate and a lower resistance than that on the Au or the Au-COOH. Both the MECs with the Au-COOH and Au-NH₂ anodes exhibited a higher current density than that with a bare Au anode. The biofilm formed on the Au-COOH was denser than that on bare Au, while the biofilm on the Au-NH₂ had a greater thickness, suggesting a critical role of direct EET in this system. This work suggests that functional groups such as–COOH and-NH₂ could promote electrode performance by accelerating the direct EET of EAB on electrode surface.     

电视、中波发射塔对电磁辐射环境的影响

通过对包头市城区历年的电磁环境监测,以及电视和中波发射塔周围电磁辐射情况,了解其环境质量状况和主要污染源。历年环境监测综合场强为0.30~0.47 V/m,年平均值为0.41 V/m。而广播和电视发射塔因距离而异,它们综合场强均值分别为1.26~3.43 V/m、1.44~5.34 V/m。虽然这些监测值都在标准限值之内,但可以看出广播和电视发射塔对电磁辐射综合场强的影响极大。     

组合灰色预测模型应用于山东省碳排放预测

根据山东省2000—2012年工业、建筑业和交通运输业能源消费数据测算得到碳排放量,基于GM(1,1)模型、Verhulst模型和SCGM(1,1)c模型建立组合灰色预测模型,运用预测有效度方法确定组合预测模型的权重系数。选用2000—2009年三大碳排放行业的实际值作为原始数据,利用各预测模型预测2010—2012年碳排放量。结果表明:组合灰色预测模型比单一预测模型具有更高的预测精度。利用组合模型预测山东省2013—2017年各行业碳排放量,为相关部门制定节能减排政策提供理论及方法借鉴。     

Catalytic activity of noble metal nanoparticles toward hydrodechlorination: influence of catalyst electronic structure and nature of adsorption

In this study, stabilized Pd, Pt and Au nanoparticles were successfully prepared in aqueous phase using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a capping agent. These metal nanoparticles were then tested for catalytic hydrodechlorination toward two classes of organochlorinated compounds (vinyl polychlorides including trichloroethylene (TCE), tetrachloroethylene (PCE), and alkyl polychlorides including 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA), and 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane (1,1,1,2-TeCA)) to determine the rate-limiting steps and to explore the reaction mechanisms. The surface area normalized reaction rate constant, k_SA, showed a systematic dependence on the electronic structure (the density of states at the Fermi level) of the metals, suggesting that adsorption of organochlorinated reactants on the metal catalyst surfaces is the rate-limiting step for catalytic hydrodechlorination. Hydrodechlorination rates of 1,1,1-TCA and 1,1,1,2-TeCA agreed with the bond strength of the first (weakest) dissociated C-Cl bond, suggesting that C-Cl bond cleavage, which is the first step for dissociative adsorption of the alkyl polychlorides, controlled the catalytic hydrodechlorination rate. However, hydrodechlorination rates of TCE and PCE correlated with the adsorption energies of their molecular (non-dissociative) adsorption on the noble metals rather than with the first C-Cl bond strength, suggesting that molecular adsorption governs the reaction rate for hydrodechlorination of the vinyl polychlorides.     

污水处理厂出水中常见抗生素光降解去除规律研究进展

残留的抗生素和新产生的抗生素代谢产物会通过不同的途径进入到环境中,污染环境,诱导产生一些耐药和变异的超级细菌,严重危害人类健康.梳理分析了污水处理厂出水中常见的抗生素种类,阐述了光降解抗生素的反应机理和影响抗生素光降解的因素,并从高效光转化材料的制备、光降解产物的精准识别和降解产物的生物毒性评估角度提出开展后续研究的建...     

新型锌／铜／铝类水滑石的合成及对模拟印染废水吸附性能的研究

采用低饱和共沉淀法制得锌／铜／铝类水滑石化合物（Zn5CuAl2（OH）16CO3·xH2O）,在450℃焙烧得焙烧物,通过XRD ,FT－IR ,SEM和TG－DSC等手段对样品的结构、形貌和热稳定性进行了分析。将其焙烧物用于吸附模拟印染废水中的阴离子染料活性艳橙,结果表明,pH值在2～9,经吸附90 min ,其对印染废水的吸附性能最佳,染料去除率达96％以上。     

福建九龙江流域重金属分布来源及健康风险评价

为研究九龙江流域水体重金属污染水平,在其主要干流及支流采集27个表层水样,分析了Zn、Cu、As、Cr、Pb、Ni和Cd共7种重金属的含量及空间分布特征,利用因子分析方法分析重金属污染物的主要来源,并采用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对其所引起的健康风险作了初步评价.结果表明,流域水体中Zn的平均浓度最高,为154.893μg/L;As超过地表水Ⅲ类水质标准,超标率为14.81%,超标区域集中位于九龙江下游及河口区.因子分析表明,As、Cr、Cu和Ni的来源主要受各种人为活动影响,Cd、Pb和Zn的来源与成土母质、地球化学作用和农业生产活动有密切的关系.健康风险评价表明,化学致癌物对人体健康危害的个人年均风险远远超过非致癌物的年风险,儿童比成人更易于受到重金属污染的威胁.致癌物Cr和As的个人年均风险值都大于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受风险水平5.0×10-5a-1,其中Cr>As;非致癌有毒化学物质通过饮水途径所引起的健康危害的个人年均风险大小为Cu>Pb>Zn>Ni,四者风险水平在10-9~10-10a-1之间,均低于ICRP标准4~5个数量级.     

典型电子废物中多溴联苯醚的模拟浸出释放特征

选取废旧打印机外壳为典型电子废物,以商用腐殖酸溶液为浸提剂,采用浸出试验,模拟研究了废旧打印机外壳中PBDEs(多溴联苯醚)在简易填埋或与生活垃圾共处置场景下,在不同废物粒径、浸提剂DOC浓度、pH、浸提时间和液固比下的浸出特征. 分别用索氏提取法和液液萃取法提取废旧打印机外壳及其浸出液中的PBDEs,采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)对11种PBDEs同系物的浓度进行定性、定量检测. 结果表明,废旧打印机外壳中BDE28、BDE47、BDE66、BDE85、BDE99、BDE100、BDE153、BDE154被检出,而在浸出液中仅有BDE28、BDE47、BDE66、BDE85、BDE99、BDE153被检出,∑₆PBDEs的浸出率仅为0.04%~0.44%;垃圾渗滤液和土壤溶液中DOM可以促进废旧打印机外壳中PBDEs的浸出,随着浸提剂ρ(DOC)的增大,PBDEs的浸出量增加;在酸性条件下PBDEs的浸出量低于在中性条件下的浸出量;随着浸出时间的延长,PBDEs的浸出量不断增加,但在试验设定的480h内,没有得到一个液固体系的平衡时间,可见废旧打印机外壳中PBDEs的浸出是一个缓慢释放的过程.      

外源硝态氮对典型耕作土壤冻结过程N2O排放的影响

为明确外源硝态氮添加对典型耕作土壤冻结过程N₂O排放的影响,应用室内冰柜模拟土壤冻结过程,研究在室温-冻结过程中硝态氮添加(0、80、200和500 mg/kg)对3种典型耕作土壤(黑土、潮土和黄土)N₂O排放影响的特征. 结果表明:外源硝态氮的添加促进了黑土和潮土的N₂O排放,在200 mg/kg硝态氮添加处理下,黑土和潮土的N₂O排放通量比CK(对照)分别增加了849%和676%;但在添加高浓度(500 mg/kg)硝态氮时,黑土和潮土的N₂O排放通量分别比200 mg/kg处理降低39.3%和21.2%,表现为显著抑制. 随冻结过程的进行,黑土和潮土的N₂O排放通量均逐渐降低并接近零排放. 黄土N₂O排放通量在室温-冻结过程中变化范围很小,甚至出现负排放. 多因素方差分析结果表明,土壤类型显著影响N₂O累计排放量,而土壤pH和C/N是其中重要的影响因子. 根据室内培养试验结果,为减排N₂O,建议在深秋整地施肥时期尽量避免在潮土和黑土中施用硝态氮肥. 黄土的N₂O排放似乎对外源硝态氮的添加反应不明显,这有待在大田气候-植物-土壤综合条件下进一步验证.