聚焦日本防震减灾

日本地处环太平洋地震带,被称为地震多发国。据日本国家气象厅最新统计．日本从1998-2007年发生震级为6．0以上的地震199次,占全世界的20．7％左右,而地震灾害的死亡人数只占世界的9％而。他山之石。可以攻玉。中国和日本都是地震多发国家,在国民防震减灾教育方面,中日两国各有特点．可以互相取长补短。     

聚乙烯醇降解菌的筛选鉴定及其降解特性的研究

从绍兴水处理发展有限公司的曝气池污泥中筛选到6株聚乙烯醇（ PVA）降解功能菌株,编号为rF1、rF2、rF3、rF4、rF5和rF6。通过16S rDNA测序比对表明其分别为Pseudochrobactrum sp、解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacil－lus amyloliquefaciens）、芽孢杆菌（Bacillus sp）、门多萨假单胞菌（Pseudomonas mendocina）、杆菌属（Lysinibacillus sp）、不动杆菌（ Acinetobacter sp ）。在自配培养基中,有3株菌PVA降解率可达70％～80％,在印染废水中,有5株菌PVA降解率可达到90％以上。其中rF1、rF2和rF5无论是在自配培养基还是印染废水中都具有较好效果,表明具有一定的实际应用价值。     

稻田耕层土壤黑碳分布特征及影响因素

为探究我国稻田土壤黑碳含量分布特征及其影响因素,本研究采用苯多羧酸法(Benzene polycarboxylic acid,BPCA)对稻田耕层土壤黑碳(Black carbon,BC)含量及稳定性进行测定与分析,以完善国内农田土壤黑碳研究,并为农业可持续发展提供理论依据.结果表明:(1)黑碳含量为(0.70±0.08)~(4.57±1.63)g·kg-1,平均值为(1.63±0.18)g·kg-1;黑碳储量为(1.55±0.18)~(6.18±2.39)t·h m-2,平均值为(2.71±0.27)t·hm-2.(2)黑碳含量排序:西南区东北区华南区华东区华北区西北区,黑碳储量排序:西南区东北区华北区华南区华东区西北区.(3)在苯多羧酸含量特征方面,西南区表现为苯四甲酸(∑tetracarboxylic acids,B4CAs)苯六甲酸(mellitic acid,B6CA)苯五甲酸(benzenepentacarboxylic acid,B5CA)苯三甲酸(∑tricarboxylic acids,B3CAs),华北区表现为B6CAB4CAsB5CAB3CAs,其它耕作区表现为B6CAB5CAB4CAsB3CAs.B5CA/B6CA、B6CA/B4CAs分别为(0.73±0.06)~(0.98±0.18)、(1.07±0.14)~(1.38±0.10),平均值分别为(0.92±0.02)、(1.23±0.03).研究发现,稻田土壤黑碳分布特征是人为因素、黑碳结构特性及环境因素等综合作用的结果.土壤黑碳主要来自稻田作物燃烧,并且黑碳含量与pH及容重间的相关性不显著,而与土壤有机碳、黏粒呈显著正相关.     

垃圾填埋场抽气竖井周边气体运移规律研究

通过建立填埋场抽气竖井周边气体轴对称稳态运移模型,分析了单层和分层垃圾体中气压力分布,并提出“降压百分比”的概念用于判定抽气影响范围,研究了垃圾产气率、气体渗透率、覆盖层厚度、覆盖层气体渗透率、抽气井深度和抽气负压对抽气影响范围和抽气量的影响,获得了竖井深度和井间距的确定方法.分析结果表明,抽气井的降压作用明显,抽气井深度和抽气负压越大,则抽气影响范围和抽气量越大.覆盖层厚度增加或其渗透率降低有助于扩大抽气影响范围和提高抽气量.抽气影响范围随气体渗透率的增加而增大,但随垃圾产气率的增加而减少;抽气量则随气体渗透率和产气率的增大而增加.抽气井深度是控制抽气影响范围的关键参数,建议竖井深度取垃圾填埋厚度的65％～75％,井间距取1.5～2.5倍竖井深度.     

2个镉耐性差异箭舌豌豆品种中镉的化学形态及亚细胞分布

通过溶液培养实验,研究了镉胁迫下2个箭舌豌豆(Vicia sativa)品种(镉耐性品种L3,镉敏感品种ZM)中镉的积累、镉的亚细胞分布和化学形态以及非蛋白巯基化合物(NPTs)的响应。结果表明2个箭舌豌豆品种根较地上部积累更多的镉。镉在箭舌豌豆根、茎和叶中主要分布于可溶性组分,敏感品种ZM根中可溶性组分的镉含量和占总镉的比例显著高于耐性品种L3。细胞壁结合镉占总镉的比例在2个品种中均为叶>茎>根。镉在箭舌豌豆根和茎内主要以去离子水(d-H2O)提取态和1 mol·L-1氯化钠(Na Cl)提取态存在,ZM根中d-H2O提取态镉的含量和比例显著大于L3。箭舌豌豆叶中镉主要以2%醋酸(HAc)提取态存在。ZM叶中80%乙醇提取态镉的比例大于L3,0.6 mol·L-1盐酸(HCl)提取态镉和残渣态镉的比例小于L3。2个品种根和茎中NPTs的含量在镉胁迫下显著升高,ZM根中NPTs的含量显著大于L3。研究结果表明,箭舌豌豆镉解毒的主要机制包括限制镉由根部向地上部转运和液泡隔离。此外,根和茎中镉与有机酸结合和NPTs螯合,叶中镉以移动性低、毒性低的形态存在也是箭舌豌豆镉解毒的重要机制。ZM较L3根中更多镉以移动性高的形态存在,L3较ZM叶中更多镉以难移动的形态存在,是L3较ZM具有更高镉耐性的重要原因。     

Livelihood Sustainability and Community Based Co-Management of Forest Resources in China: Changes and Improvement

Community-based co-management (CBCM) has been applied in some communities near natural reserves in China. This paper uses Gansu Baishuijiang National Natural Reserve in China as a case study for livelihood improvements under CBCM projects. We demonstrate change from 2006 to 2010 in five classes of livelihood capital (social, human, natural, physical and financial capitals), illustrating the effectiveness of CBCM projects. Specifically, there are increases in mean family income and improvements in forest conservation. However, some problems in the design and implementation of CBCM projects remain, including the complicated social and political relationship between government and community, social exclusion and uneven application of benefits within communities, and the lack of integration of indigenous cultures and traditional beliefs. Attention for special groups in community and improving the design of CBCM Projects. Study shows that under the cooperation of government, CBCM projects and local community residents, the harmonious development of sustainable livelihood improvement and forest resources conservation will be an important trend in the future.     

接种比例和温度对餐厨废弃物厌氧发酵特性的影响

为提高餐厨废弃物厌氧发酵的甲烷转化率和挥发性固体降解率,分别在35℃和55℃条件下,采用批式发酵工艺,考察了接种物与底物的挥发性固体量之比对餐厨废弃物厌氧发酵挥发性固体甲烷产率、挥发性固体降解率、液相末端产物组成和pH值等发酵特性的影响。结果表明,温度和接种比例共同决定厌氧发酵停留阶段,在35℃发酵时接种比例大于50∶50的处理和55℃发酵时接种比例大于30∶70的处理以产甲烷发酵为主,其余以酸化发酵为主;游离氨抑制导致高温组的甲烷含量、挥发性固体甲烷产率和甲烷转化率均低于中温组;发生酸化处理组底物的挥发性固体降解率均低于40%,产甲烷发酵处理组挥发性固体降解率均高于80%。     

生化组合工艺对高浓度制浆造纸废水的深度处理

采用斜网-混凝-厌氧/好氧-臭氧-曝气生物滤池深度处理组合工艺处理高浓度制浆造纸废水,废水中的CODCr从进水质量浓度8-10 g/L降到100 mg/L以下,BOD5从进水质量浓度2.5-4 g/L降到20 mg/L以下,SS降到20 mg/L以下,出水达到国家造纸废水排放新标准(GB3544-2008),且出水水质稳定。废水处理系统的实际运行结果表明,高效的厌氧处理和臭氧-曝气生物滤池深度处理系统是该工艺处理高浓度造纸废水稳定达标的关键。     

绿色建筑供应链主导企业结构模型与运行实践分析

建筑可持续发展涉及多主体全过程,实施有效途径是构建绿色建筑供应链,基于绿色供应链理念构建绿色建筑供应链结构模型,分析绿色建筑供应链特点,界定绿色建筑供应链协调运行的主体职责,架构绿色建筑供应链主导企业及其基于主导企业驱动的绿色建筑供应链结构模型,剖析绿色建筑供应链运行实践问题,提出基于主导企业驱动的绿色建筑供应链协调运行的内在要求。     

Community forestry management and livelihood development in northwest China: integration of governance, project design, and community participation

In projects of community development and natural resource management, local residents collaborate with government and NGOs on decisions about forest management and participate in programs designed to improve livelihoods while sustaining natural resources. This paper uses case studies and survey data in Gansu province of northwest China to explore social, ecological, and economic outcomes of community-based co-management (CBCM). Findings show that CBCM appears to have significantly increased livelihoods for local community residents overall. Forest condition and attitudes about forest conservation were also improved. However, economic benefits were not enjoyed uniformly within the communities because, although CBCM projects are nominally available to all, certain subgroups within communities are less likely to participate. Greater education, being married, and access to information are all strongly correlated with participation and thus the economic benefits of CBCM projects. Women, although they frequently participate in household decisions, are infrequent participants in CBCM projects, perhaps because project design does not meet their needs. Future improvements to CBCM project design should include increased access to information, education, and equitable treatment of diverse stakeholders in the decision-making process. Such improvements would likely lead to improvements in livelihoods as well as more sustainable forest management and conservation.