On Index System and Quantitative Assessment of Eco-cities： A Case Study on Urban Agglomeration of the Yangtze Delta

Urban agglomeration of the Yangtze Delta （UAYD）, one of the most developed regions of China, has witnessed an increasing prevalence in building ecological cities when the ecological cities are pursued by many modem cities, and great achievements have been made in this regard. It is inevitable, however, that certain problems exist during the construction of ecological city, which include but not limited to non-harmonious development of urban complex ecosystem, and the difficulty in quantifying eco-city construction or incomplete quantification in assessing the construction of present and future eco-city. Based on the analysis on social-economic conditions and regional conditions of the UAYD, this paper attempts to set up an index system of eco-cities combining with local characteristics, and to adopt the indices of eco-city, urban harmony, and eco-city colligate to evaluate the ecological level, urban harmonious development and eco-city construction of cities within the UAYD. Results indicate that among 15 cities in UAYD, Suzhou City ranks the highest in terms of eco-city construction, whereas Nantong ranks relatively lower; sustainable eco-city construction is possible only when cities are developed in every respect of harmony.     

微观福利视角下的库区移民搬迁意愿调查

三峡地区社会经济的发展受到资源、环境的限制,又面临再次移民的规划.为有效的缓解由于搬迁中搬迁主体与搬迁规划向左而产生的社会矛盾,优化搬迁政策制度,实现社会的和谐,就应分析库区移民自身的福利状态与搬迁意愿之间的关系.本文在福利理论分析框架下建立理论模型并设计问卷,在多层随机抽样调查的基础上,对理论模型进行验证,运用Logit模型建立三个逐次包含的模型,进行回归分析,试图找到对移民搬迁意愿产生较大影响的福利影响因素,并分析其原因.研究表明,对于库区人口搬迁的自身福利的变化而言,最重要的影响因素为:居住环境、居住方式、教育程度、饮水方式、政策了解程度、环境满意度等;收入、承包地面积、工作等因素也起着一定的影响作用;年龄及基础设施建设中的电话和教育建设对于搬迁意愿的影响则不明显.     

我国31个省(市、自治区)的综合实力评价

选取具有代表性的9类共30个具体评价指标作为我国31个省（市、自治区）的综合实力评价的原始指标，运用因子多变量统计分析法对30个指标数据进行因子分析处理，采取主成分分析法提取公因子，并采取promox斜交旋转，得出6个公因子作为评价我国31个省（市、区）的综合实力的综合变量。计算得出我国各省（市、区）的综合得分。将计算的各省区市的综合得分从大到小排列，确定等级及分值区间。根据分类结果划分为6类地区，得出第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类地区全部为东部地区，其综合实力得分位居全国前6位，它们依次是广东、江苏、上海、浙江、山东和北京；而第Ⅵ类地区中除海南属于东部地区之外，其余省市区都属于西部地区，其综合实力得分位居全国后7位且均为负值。它们依次是青海、宁夏．贵州、西藏、海南、甘肃和重庆。可见东西部地区社会经济发展的极度不平衡。     

东洞庭湖湿地生态系统健康状态与水位关系研究

基于CBERS卫星遥感影像数据,以东洞庭湖国家级自然保护区为研究区,通过光谱特征分析建立决策树分类模型,提取东洞庭湖湿地的地物类型。以生态系统健康理论为基础,依据东洞庭湖湿地的特点,综合湿地生产力、组织结构、弹性和功能4个方面,建立湿地生态系统健康状态评价指标体系和评价模型,利用GIS技术,分析东洞庭湖湿地在2000～2006年10个时相的生态系统健康状态。结合城陵矶水文站的水位数据,探讨了东洞庭湖湿地健康状态与城陵矶水位之间的相关性,并利用2007年两个时相的数据进行检验。研究结果表明：东洞庭湖湿地健康状态与城陵矶水位之间存在着较大的相关性,当城陵矶水位达到30 m左右时,东洞庭湖湿地健康状态达到最佳值     

Responses of alkaline phosphatase activity to wind-driven waves in a large, shallow lake: Implications for phosphorus availability and algal blooms

Phosphorus is a vital nutrient for algal growth, thus, a better understanding of phosphorus availability is essential to mitigate harmful algal blooms in lakes. Wind waves are a ubiquitous characteristic of lake ecosystems. However, its effects on the cycling of organic phosphorus and its usage by phytoplankton remain poorly elucidated in shallow eutrophic lakes. A mesocosm experiment was carried out to investigate the responses of alkaline phosphatase activity fractions to wind waves in large, shallow, eutrophic Lake Taihu. Results showed that wind-driven waves induced the release of alkaline phosphatase and phosphorus from the sediment, and dramatically enhanced phytoplanktonic alkaline phosphatase activity. However, compared to the calm conditions, bacterial and dissolved alkaline phosphatase activity decreased in wind-wave conditions. Consistently, the gene copies of Microcystis phoX increased but bacterial phoX decreased under wind-wave conditions. The ecological effects of these waves on phosphorus and phytoplankton likely accelerated the biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus and promoted phytoplankton production in Lake Taihu. This study provides an improved current understanding of phosphorus availability and the phosphorus strategies of plankton in shallow, eutrophic lakes.     

A meta-analysis of heavy metals pollution in farmland and urban soils in China over the past 20 years

A total of 713 research papers about field monitor experiments of heavy metals in farmland and urban soils in China, published from 2000 to 2019, were obtained. A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the level of China's heavy metal pollution in soils, mainly focusing on eight heavy metals. It was found that the average concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As) in China were 0.19, 30.74, 85.86, 25.81, 0.074, 67.37, 27.77 and 8.89 mg/kg, respectively. Compared with the background value (0.097 mg/kg), the Cd content showed a twofold (0.19 mg/kg) rise in farmland soils and a threefold (0.29 mg/kg) rise in urban soils. The decreasing order of the mean I_geo was Cd (1.77) > Pb (0.62) > Zn (0.60) > Cu (0.58) > Hg (0.57) > Cr (0.54) > Ni (0.47) > As (0.28). Nearly 33.54% and 44.65% of sites in farmland and urban soils were polluted with Cd. The average concentrations of eight heavy metals were not sensitive change in recent two decades in farmland and urban soils. The average P_n values for urban (2.52) and farmland (2.15) soils showed that heavy metal pollution in urban soils was more serious than that in farmland, and the middle Yangtze River regions, where industrial activity dominates, were the most polluted. The meta-analysis comprehensively evaluated the current pollution situation of soil heavy metal, and provided important basis for soil management and environment prevention in China.     

京津冀及周边地区“2+26”城市空气质量特征及其影响因素

京津冀及周边地区“2+26”城市为京津冀大气污染传输通道城市,也是我国空气污染最严重的区域之一.针对京津冀及周边地区“2+26”城市,利用中国环境监测总站公布的PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、O₃和CO数据,对2013—2019年京津冀及周边地区“2+26”城市大气污染特征进行分析,并探讨影响其空气质量变化的因素.研究表明:①2013—2019年京津冀及周边地区“2+26”城市空气质量总体向好,2019年ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（PM₁₀）、ρ（SO₂）、ρ（CO）和ρ（NO₂）比2013年分别下降了50%、41%、79%、49%和20%,ρ（O₃-8 h-90per）（臭氧日最大8 h平均值第90百分位数）比2013年升高了21%.②2013—2019年京津冀及周边地区“2+26”城市重污染天数持续减少,2019年比2013年下降67%,严重污染天数下降尤为明显,降幅达90%.优良天数比例虽然增加,但2016年以后基本稳定在50%左右,没有持续增加的趋势.③ρ（PM₁₀）、ρ（SO₂）、ρ（NO₂）和ρ（CO）的最大值均出现在1月,ρ（O₃-8 h）（臭氧日最大8 h平均值）的最大值出现在6月.ρ（PM_2.5）越高,PM_2.5/PM₁₀和SO₂/NO₂越大,表明二次污染源和燃煤源的贡献越大.④就空间分布而言,ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（PM₁₀）高值区主要集中在区域中南部太行山脉山前的平原地区,低值区主要集中在区域北部.⑤地理位置、气象条件、产业结构、能耗消耗以及减排政策是影响2013—2019年京津冀及周边地区“2+26”城市空气质量变化的重要因素.研究显示,随着大气污染防治减排措施实施的力度逐渐加大,政策影响已成为京津冀及周边地区“2+26”城市空气质量持续改善的最重要手段.      

烟颗粒对太赫兹波衰减特性的影响研究

太赫兹成像系统相对于普通红外线成像系统而言,其受温度和烟雾密度的影响较小,将其引入火场环境侦测中能较好地解决火场环境能见度低的问题.但太赫兹波在火场烟气环境中传播时,会受到烟颗粒的吸收和散射作用影响,造成其传播特性发生变化,因此有必要开展烟颗粒对太赫兹波衰减特性的影响研究.采用离散偶极子近似法进行模拟运算,结合烟颗粒分...     

Impact of meteorological condition changes on air quality and particulate chemical composition during the COVID-19 lockdown

Stringent quarantine measures during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown period (January 23, 2020 to March 15, 2020) have resulted in a distinct decrease in anthropogenic source emissions in North China Plain compared to the paralleled period of 2019. Particularly, 22.7% decrease in NO₂ and 3.0% increase of O₃ was observed in Tianjin, nonlinear relationship between O₃ generation and NO₂ implied that synergetic control of NO_x and VOCs is needed. Deteriorating meteorological condition during the COVID-19 lockdown obscured the actual PM_2.5 reduction. Fireworks transport in 2020 Spring Festival (SF) triggered regional haze pollution. PM_2.5 during the COVID-19 lockdown only reduced by 5.6% in Tianjin. Here we used the dispersion coefficient to normalize the measured PM_2.5 (DN-PM_2.5), aiming to eliminate the adverse meteorological impact and roughly estimate the actual PM_2.5 reduction, which reduced by 17.7% during the COVID-19 lockdown. In terms of PM_2.5 chemical composition, significant NO₃^? increase was observed during the COVID-19 lockdown. However, as a tracer of atmospheric oxidation capacity, odd oxygen (O_x = NO₂ + O₃) was observed to reduce during the COVID-19 lockdown, whereas relative humidity (RH), specific humidity and aerosol liquid water content (ALWC) were observed with noticeable enhancement. Nitrogen oxidation rate (NOR) was observed to increase at higher specific humidity and ALWC, especially in the haze episode occurred during 2020SF, high air humidity and obvious nitrate generation was observed. Anomalously enhanced air humidity may response for the nitrate increase during the COVID-19 lockdown period.     

Fine particle-bound PAHs derivatives at mountain background site (Mount Tai) of the North China: Concentration, source diagnosis and health risk assessment

Ten nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nPAHs) and 4 oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oPAHs) in fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) samples from Mount Tai were analyzed during summer (June to August), 2015. During the observation campaign, the mean concentration of total nPAHs and oPAHs was 31.62 pg/m³ and 0.15 ng/m³, respectively. Two of the monitored compounds, namely 9-nitro-anthracene (9N-ANT) (6.86 pg/m³) and 9-fluorenone (9FO) (0.05 ng/m³) were the predominant compounds of nPAHs and oPAHs, respectively. The potential source and long-range transportation of nPAHs and oPAHs were investigated by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) method and the potential source contribution function (PSCF) methods. The results revealed that biomass/coal burning, gasoline vehicle emission, diesel vehicle emission and secondary formation were the dominant sources of nPAHs and oPAHs, which were mainly from Henan province and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and Bohai sea. The incremental life cancer risk (ILCR) values were calculated to evaluate the exposure risk of nPAHs and oPAHs for three group people (infant, children and adult), and the values of ILCR were 7.02 × 10^?10, 3.49 × 10^?9 and 1.41 × 10^?8 for infant, children and adults, respectively. All these values were lower than the standard of EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) (<10^?6), indicating acceptable health risk of nPAHs and oPAHs.