Uranium and other trace elements’ distribution in Korean granite: implications for the influence of iron oxides on uranium migration

To understand trace radionuclide (uranium) migration occurring in rocks, a granitic batholith located at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) site was selected and investigated. The rock samples obtained from this site were examined using mineralogical methods, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The changes in the distribution pattern of uranium (U) and small amounts of trace elements, and the mineralogical textures affected by weathering, were examined. Based on the element distribution analyses, it was found that Fe²⁺ released from fresh biotite is oxidized in short geological time, forming amorphous iron oxides, such as ferrihydrite, around silicate minerals. In that case, the amorphous ferrihydrite does not show distinct adsorption for U. However, as it gradually crystallizes to goethite or hematite, the most U-rich phases were found to be associated with the secondary iron oxides having granular forms. This evidence suggests that the geological subsurface environment is favorable for the crystallized iron oxides to keep their structures more stable for a long time as compared with the amorphous phases. There is a possibility that the long residence of U which is in contact with the stable crystalline phases of iron may finally lead to the partial sequestration of U in their structure. Consequently, it seems that Fe-oxide crystallization can be a dominating mechanism for U uptake and controls long-term U transport in granites with low U contents.     

电子垃圾拆解废渣-土壤-蔬菜中多氯联苯污染特征与健康风险评估

为研究某电子垃圾拆解区废渣-土壤-蔬菜中多氯联苯(PCBs)污染特征及对人体的潜在健康风险.对电子垃圾废渣样品采样3个、废渣旁的农田土壤和蔬菜分别采样10个和18个(油麦菜6个、四季豆6个和圆白菜6个).废渣、土壤和蔬菜中PCBs含量测定采用高分辨气相色谱-质谱法.结果表明,总PCBs水平:废渣(11 938ng·g-...     

STOCHASTIC WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS USING RELIABILITY METHOD1

ABSTRACT: This study developed a QUAL2E‐Reliability Analysis (QUAL2E‐RA) model for the stochastic water quality analysis of the downstream reach of the main Han River in Korea. The proposed model is based on the QUAL2E model and incorporates the Advanced First‐Order Second‐Moment (AFOSM) and Mean‐Value First‐Order Second‐Moment (MFOSM) methods. After the hydraulic characteristics from standard step method are identified, the optimal reaction coefficients are then estimated using the Broyden‐Fletcher‐Goldfarb‐Shanno (BFGS) method. Considering variations in river discharges, pollutant loads from tributaries, and reaction coefficients, the violation probabilities of existing water quality standards at several locations in the river were computed from the AFOSM and MFOSM methods, and the results were compared with those from the Monte Carlo method. The statistics of the three uncertainty analysis methods show that the outputs from the AFOSM and MFOSM methods are similar to those from the Monte Carlo method. From a practical model selection perspective, the MFOSM method is more attractive in terms of its computational simplicity and execution time.     

新型固定床生物膜反应器硝化性能的研究

本文以无纺布作为硝化反应器的填料 ,对其硝化负荷能力进行了探讨 ,同时对硝化过程中亚硝酸盐氮积累和影响氨氮去除的原因进行了分析。在NH3 N容积负荷为 1 .7kg/(m3·d)的情况下 ,可实现 98%以上的NH3 N去除率。溶解氧浓度为 4mg/L ,进水氨氮浓度为 30 0mg/L时硝化柱内开始出现亚硝酸盐氮积累 ,通过加大曝气量等措施可在一定程度上消除其影响。停止运行两个半月后 ,可在一周内基本恢复硝化功能。     

Distribution and hydrodynamic model of the Keumdong oil spill in Kwangyang Bay, Korea

Oil concentrations in the seawater, seabed sediments, and shoreline sediments were measured from the samples collected 165 days after the Keumdong oil spill accident, which had occurred in Kwangyang Bay of the South Sea, Korea in September 1993. Distribution patterns of the concentrations in the seabed and shoreline sediments have allowed us to hindcast the transport and fate of the spilled oil. Overall, the patterns agree better with the southward (seaward) surface water circulation than with the northward (landward) bottom water circulation over the region. Rapid, initial dispersal of the spilled oil to the south and its subsequent grounding onto the intertidal seabed sediments, as well as onto the shorelines, appear to have made ineffective the subsurface oil transport by the bottom current.     

云山国家森林公园土壤动物资源生态特征

1998年5月至2001年5月对云山国家森林公园土壤动物资源进行了生态特征研究,共获得土壤动物9769个,隶属6门13纲31个类目。亚热带土壤动物的类群在这里几乎都有分布。其中优势类群为蜱螨目、弹尾目及线虫类3类;常见类群有膜翅类、双尾目、原尾目、线蚓类、双翅目5类;其余为稀有类群。通过与我国东西方向及其南北方向上典型土壤动物生态群落的分析比较,研究过程发现,受其地表生物多样性的影响,云山土壤动物资源种群丰富;原始群落结构完整;区系组成地带过渡性明显;山体顶部灌丛地段节肢动物有个体偏大的生态特征。研究结果表明:地处我国南岭、雪峰山及滇黔桂地区3种不同类型山系过渡地带的云山国家森林公园,作为自然保护区,不但是一个资源丰富的地表生物生态基因库,同时还是一个异常宝贵的地下生物生态基因库。     

北京市大气细颗粒物的遗传和非遗传毒性研究

用胞质阻断微核试验与单细胞凝胶电泳法检测北京市大气PM_2.5无机提取物与有机提取物对Balb/c 3T3细胞微核形成与DNA链断裂的影响;通过划痕染料示踪技术(SL/DT)观察PM_2.5无机提取物与有机提取物对Balb/c3T3细胞间通讯的影响.发现PM_2.5有机提取物可引起双核微核细胞率显著增加(P<0.01)及导致慧星细胞率和DNA迁移长度显著增加(P<0.01);PM_2.5有机提取物引起细胞间通讯的抑制; PM_2.5无机提取物未见明显毒作用.结果表明,PM_2.5可引起染色体损伤和原发性DNA损伤,抑制细胞间通讯,其毒作用主要由其有机成分引起.     

运河（杭州段）底质有机质与重金属元素相关性的探讨

通过对京杭大运河 (杭州段 )底质的监测 ,探讨了底质有机质与 8种重金属元素的相关性 ,并对其成因作出了解释 ,得出了 8种重金属在运河 (杭州段 )底质中易积累的顺序。     

城市垃圾卫生填埋场废气产生量及主要污染因子的确定

城市生活垃圾以其特有的分散、巨量、恶臭、肮脏等特性,使环境污染问题显得更加突出、复杂,因此建造垃圾填埋场势在必行。本文以城市垃圾卫生填埋场址的环境影响评价为基础,对垃圾填埋场恶臭气体产生量及其影响强度进行科学的分析与探讨,为垃圾场废气的治理及环境管理提供科学依据。1　垃圾卫生填埋废气产生量分析1.1　废气污染物的产生及特征根据有关实验及文献资料〔1,2〕,填埋场中废气大致由50%～60%的CH4,40%～50%的CO2和一定量的NH3、N2、H2S等物质组成。填埋场产生的废气成份应根据生产过程来确定,在填埋初期两周内氮、氧的含量比…     

OPTIMIZATION OF INTERMITTENT PUMPING SCHEDULES FOR AQUIFER REMEDIATION USING A GENETIC ALGORITHM1

ABSTRACT: Using a genetic algorithm (GA), optimal intermittent pumping schedules were established to simulate pump‐and‐treat remediation of a contaminated aquifer with known hydraulic limitations and a water miscible contaminant, located within the Duke Forest in Durham, North Carolina. The objectives of the optimization model were to minimize total costs, minimize health risks, and maximize the amount of contaminant removed from the aquifer. Stochastic ground water and contaminant transport models were required to provide estimates of contaminant concentrations at pumping wells. Optimization model simulations defined a tradeoff curve between the pumping cost and the amount of contaminant extracted from the aquifer. For this specific aquifer/miscible contaminant combination, the model simulations indicated that pump‐and‐treat remediation using intermittent pumping schedules for each pumping well produced significant reductions in predicted contaminant concentrations and associated health risks at a reasonable cost, after a remediation time of two years.