基于AHP的炼化设备管理模糊综合评价模型研究

依据层次分析法(AHP)理论,建立设备管理多层次评价指标,结合各指标重要性确定权重,建立适用于炼化企业的模糊综合评价模型,并以某炼化企业为例,使用该模型对企业设备管理进行定性与定量评估,进行了管理薄弱项的确认及改进措施的制定.     

Reproductive toxicity and underlying mechanisms of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

DEHP (di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) is an endocrine disruptor commonly found in plastic products that has been associated with reproduction alterations, but the effect of DEHP on toxicity is still widely unknown. Using DEHP concentrations of 10, 1, and 0.1 mg/L, we showed that DEHP reduced the reproductive capacity of Caenorhabditis elegans after 72 hr. of exposure. DEHP exposure reduced the reproductive capacity in terms of decreased brood sizes, egg hatchability (0.1, 1 and 10 mg/L), and egg-laying rate (1 and 10 mg/L), and increased numbers of fertilized eggs in the uterus (1 and 10 mg/L). DEHP also caused damage to gonad development. DEHP decreased the total number of germline cells, and decreased the relative area of the gonad arm of all exposure groups, with worms in the 1 mg/L DEHP exposure group having the minimum gonad arm area. Additionally, DEHP caused a significant concentration‐dependent increase in the expression of unc-86. Autophagy and ROS contributed to the enhancement of DEHP toxicity in reducing reproductive capacity, and glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were activated as the antioxidant defense in this study. Hence, we found that DEHP has a dual effect on nematodes. Higher concentration (10 mg/L) DEHP can inhibit the expression of autophagy genes (atg-18, atg-7, bec-1, lgg-1 and unc-51), and lower concentrations (0.1 and 1 mg/L) can promote the expression of autophagy genes. Our data highlight the potential environmental risk of DEHP in inducing reproductive toxicity toward the gonad development and reproductive capacity of environmental organisms.     

Selection of water source for water transfer based on algal growth potential to prevent algal blooms

Water transfer is becoming a popular method for solving the problems of water quality deterioration and water level drawdown in lakes. However, the principle of choosing water sources for water transfer projects has mainly been based on the effects on water quality, which neglects the influence in the variation of phytoplankton community and the risk of algal blooms. In this study, algal growth potential (AGP) test was applied to predict changes in the phytoplankton community caused by water transfer projects. The feasibility of proposed water transfer sources (Baqing River and Jinsha River) was assessed through the changes in both water quality and phytoplankton community in Chenghai Lake, Southwest China. The results showed that the concentration of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in Chenghai Lake could be decreased to 0.52 mg/L and 0.02 mg/L respectively with the simulated water transfer source of Jinsha River. The algal cell density could be reduced by 60%, and the phytoplankton community would become relatively stable with the Jinsha River water transfer project, and the dominant species of Anabaena cylindrica evolved into Anabaenopsis arnoldii due to the species competition. However, the risk of algal blooms would be increased after the Baqing River water transfer project even with the improved water quality. Algae gained faster proliferation with the same dominant species in water transfer source. Therefore, water transfer projects should be assessed from not only the variation of water quality but also the risk of algal blooms.     

黄海近岸大气降水中磷溶解度及其影响因素

于2020年6~9月在黄海近岸城市青岛采集31场降水69个样品,分析其中总磷（TP）、溶解态总磷（DTP）及溶解态无机磷（DIP）和有机磷（DOP）,探讨P浓度和溶解度的变化特征及其影响因素.降水中TP浓度为（6.2±1.0）μg/L,DTP浓度为（3.8±0.6）μg/L,P溶解度为（64.8±18.0）%.DTP中以DIP为主,其贡献为（56.5±21.6）%.降水中TP和DTP与降水量呈负幂指数关系,TP清除指数大于DTP.降水量<10mm时,降水对气溶胶P的清除和稀释作用显著影响降水中P浓度,但降水量>40mm时,这种作用对P浓度的影响不大.降水对气溶胶P的清除作用以云下清除为主,占总清除效率的70%~85%.酸化作用显著促进降水中颗粒态P溶解,且无机P溶解效率高于有机P.对降雨量<5mm及>30mm降水,pH值是影响P溶解度的主要因素,降水量和气团来源对P溶解度也有一定影响.当pH值相近时,降水量越大,P溶解度越高;当pH值相近且降水量<5mm时,海洋源贡献越大,P溶解度越高.对降水量5~30mm的降水,P溶解度受到降水量、pH值及气团来源等因素的共同影响.     

Nitrated and parent PAHs in the surface water of Lake Taihu, China: Occurrence, distribution, source, and human health risk assessment

Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) have toxic potentials that are higher than those of their corresponding parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and thus have received increasing attention in recent years. In this study, the occurrence, distribution, source, and human health risk assessment of 15 NPAHs and 16 PAHs were investigated in the surface water from 20 sampling sites of Lake Taihu during the dry, normal, and flood seasons of 2018. The ΣPAH concentrations ranged from 255 to 7298 ng/L and the ΣNPAH concentrations ranged from not-detected (ND) to 212 ng/L. Among the target analytes, 2-nitrofluorene (2-nFlu) was the predominant NPAH, with a detection frequency ranging from 85% to 90% and a maximum concentration of 56.2 ng/L. The three-ringed and four-ringed NPAHs and PAHs comprised the majority of the detected compounds. In terms of seasonal variation, the highest levels of the ΣNPAHs and ΣPAHs were in the dry season and flood season, respectively. Diagnostic ratio analysis indicated that the prime source of NPAHs was direct combustion, whereas in the case of PAHs the contribution was predominantly from a mixed pattern including pollution from unburned petroleum and petroleum combustion. The human health risk of NPAHs and PAHs was evaluated using a lifetime carcinogenic risk assessment model. The carcinogenic risk level of the targets ranged from 2.09 × 10^?7 to 5.75 × 10^?5 and some surface water samples posed a potential health risk.     

差异化开展国土空间生态修复的思考

近年来,由于气候变化和人类活动的双重影响,生态系统承受了越来越大的压力。在一定程度上,这些压力改变了生态系统的结构和过程,降低了生态系统服务功能,对区域可持续发展形成了威胁。国土空间生态修复是推进生态文明建设的重大举措,也是应对以上生态系统问题的重要手段,我国已将其上升到国家战略的高度。但是,目前国土空间生态修复的相关研究尚缺乏系统的梳理,相关的国土空间生态修复工作也缺乏系统总结,不利于生态修复工作的深入开展。因此,亟需系统梳理我国生态修复相关工作的演进脉络,阐述不同时期国土空间生态修复目标、手段、区域的差异化,剖析当前我国开展国土空间生态修复工作遇到的问题,进而提出相关应对策略,以期裨益于我国新时期的国土空间生态修复工作。研究表明：（1）我国的生态修复研究经历了萌芽、早期实践及新时期国土空间生态修复的演进过程。各个时期生态修复目标、手段和区域的差异化明显。（2）当前,我国国土空间生态修复的主要问题是,生态方面的历史欠账多、现实矛盾多,生态系统功能问题较为突出,生态修复部门职责相对分散、履职较为矛盾,生态修复投入机制相对单一。（3）未来,应该分别依据生态问题时间维度、空间维度、行政与市场维度的差异化,分别开展有针对性的国土空间生态修复工作。     

亚洲大陆流出羽中气溶胶磷的来源解析

利用西风盛行时在青岛采集的总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）样品,分析其中总P （TP）和溶解态P （DP）浓度与气团后向轨迹的关系,采用正定矩阵因子分析（PMF）和潜在源贡献因子分析（PSCF）方法解析TP和DP的来源及其潜在贡献区域.结果表明：青岛气溶胶中TP主要来自地壳源的贡献（45%）;其次是机动车排放源（22%）、燃烧源（21%）和工业源（12%）;海盐源的贡献最小（<1%）.但DP主要来自人为源的贡献,其中机动车排放源的贡献为35%,燃烧源和/或二次源为28%、工业源为25%;地壳源和海盐源等自然源的贡献分别为9%和1%.相同来源的TP和DP其潜在贡献区域相似,但DP的贡献区域范围更广.地壳源P （TP和DP）的贡献区域集中在沙尘从源地向我国近海传输的路径上,海盐源P的贡献区域位于黄、渤海,工业源P的贡献区域主要为河南、山东以及蒙古国南部等地区,燃烧源/二次源P的主要贡献区域为山东南部和江苏北部区域,机动车排放源P的贡献区域则主要为北京、天津、山东、江苏等区域.     

Difference in calcium ion precipitation between free and immobilized Halovibrio mesolongii HMY2

Biomineralization has become a research focus in wastewater treatment due to its much lower costs compared to traditional methods. However, the low sodium chloride (NaCl)-tolerance of bacteria limits applications to only water with low NaCl concentrations. Here, calcium ions in hypersaline wastewater (10% NaCl) were precipitated by free and immobilized Halovibrio mesolongii HMY2 bacteria and the differences between them were determined. The results show that calcium ions can be transformed into several types of calcium carbonate with a range of morphologies, abundant organic functional groups (C-H, C-O-C, C=O, etc), protein secondary structures (β-sheet, α-helix, 3₁₀ helix, and β-turn), P=O and S-H indicated by P2p and S2p, and more negative δ¹³C_PDB (‰) values (-16.8‰ to -18.4‰). The optimal conditions for the immobilized bacteria were determined by doing experiments with six factors and five levels and using response surface method. Under the action of two groups of immobilized bacteria prepared under the optimal conditions, by the 10^th day, Ca²⁺ ion precipitation ratios had increased to 79%-89% and 80%-88% with changes in magnesium ion cencentrations. Magnesium ions can significantly inhibit the calcium ion precipitation, and this inhibitory effect can be decreased under the action of immobilized bacteria. Minerals induced by immobilized bacteria always aggregated together, had higher contents of Mg, P, and S, lower stable carbon isotope values and less well-developed protein secondary structures. This study demonstrates an economic and eco-friendly method for recycling calcium ions in hypersaline wastewater, providing an easy step in the process of desalination.     

减污降碳协同多元共治体系需求及构建探析

碳达峰、碳中和目标的提出标志着我国生态环境保护进入减污降碳协同治理新阶段,减污降碳协同增效成为促进经济社会发展全面低碳绿色转型的重要抓手. 面对经济社会高质量发展、空气质量改善与碳达峰、碳中和的多目标需求,仅依靠命令控制型手段为主的大气污染物治理措施将不足以实现减污降碳协同目标. 结果表明:构建“政府-科研机构-市场-社会组织”多元共治模式,通过命令控制与非命令控制的协同实现治理方式转变,从而提高减污降碳协同治理水平. 在顶层设计层面,综合考虑城市经济发展水平、空气污染程度及各行业污染控制措施的不同,因地制宜的制定差异化减污降碳政策;在科学研究方面,开展学科融合、部门协作的减污降碳协同治理科技研究,解决减污降碳协同增效措施评估以及科技数据、资源共享和研究成果落地等问题;在市场方面,将自愿减排交易和更多高排放行业配额交易纳入碳排放交易市场,加强与排污权、用能权、绿色电力等环境权益交易之间的协同,强化市场手段的减污降碳协同增效;在治理机制和手段方面,充分发挥社会组织纽带作用,利用数字化信息系统构建第三方环境信用平台,促进政府、企业、金融机构和公众等关键利益方形成有效沟通和良性互动. 研究表明,“政府-科研机构-市场-社会组织”多元共治模式能有效构建减污降碳协同增效的多元共治体系,充分发挥政府、科研机构、市场与社会组织的作用,解决碳达峰、碳中和目标下的减污降碳协同治理新需求.      

复合固体推进剂定应变‒温度循环加速试验方法研究

目的 建立复合固体定应变–温度循环加速试验方法。方法 采用MSC.PATRAN有限元分析软件,仿真计算某型贴壁浇铸固体火箭发动机从零应力温度(68 ℃)固化降温至常温(20 ℃)的极值点von Mises应变最大值,利用自制应变加载装置对复合固体推进剂施加定应变。分析固体火箭发动机长期库房贮存的温度变化规律,在兼顾模拟性和加速性的基础上,设计并开展复合固体推进剂在4组不同应力水平下的温度循环加速试验。选用合适的性能退化模型和加速寿命模型,评估复合固体推进剂的可靠库房贮存寿命。结果 某型固体火箭发动机从零应力温度固化降温至常温的极值点von Mises应变最大值为9.4%,复合固体推进剂4组温度循环加速试验的最高试验温度分别为75、75、60、60 ℃,温差分别为5、10、15 ℃,单个循环时长均为24 h。复合固体推进剂在4组温度循环加速试验条件下的老化性能参数均为最大抗拉强度保留率,且在置信度为0.9时,其退化规律均符合指数型性能老化数学模型。结合失效临界值,计算出置信度0.9时的最低加速寿命分别为59、100、203、342 d。基于修正Coffin-Manson模型,利用多元回归分析方法,计算得到复合固体推进剂在长期库房贮存环境(最高温度298 K,年平均温差15 K)下,置信度0.9时的最低贮存寿命为20 a。结论 在兼顾模拟性和加速性的基础上,建立了复合固体推进剂定应变?温度循环加速试验方法,并利用指数型性能退化模型和修正Coffin-Manson加速寿命模型,快速获得复合固体推进剂的最低库房贮存寿命,为下一步开展固体火箭发动机装药贮存寿命预估奠定基础。