邢台市冬季一次重污染过程PM2.5污染特征分析

为了解邢台市秋冬季重污染过程的污染特征,于2018年11月10-16日,在邢台市一中、内丘以及沙河3个点位采集PM2.5样品,分析PM2.5浓度及其化学组分.结果表明:重污染过程期间邢台市PM2.5平均浓度为176.2 μg/m3,超过GB 3095-2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准限值1.4倍;水溶性离子以NO3...     

河流水质模拟及污染源归因分析

针对大连市登沙河流域水环境质量问题,采用输出系数法估算流域内工业点源、农村生活、畜禽养殖、农业种植的氨氮和总磷入河污染负荷,基于QUAL2K水质模型模拟污染物的迁移转化规律,解析各污染源在不同时、空尺度下对河流中、下游水质考核断面的污染负荷贡献.结果表明：畜禽养殖是研究区氨氮污染的主要来源,分别占中游和下游断面氨氮总负荷的56.5%和43.2%;农业种植是总磷污染的主要来源,分别占中游和下游断面总磷总负荷的50.4%和59.1%.此外,由于天然降水及人类活动的季节性特征,各污染源的负荷贡献亦呈现年内变化.基于以上分析,进一步因地制宜地提出研究区水环境治理措施建议,研究可为我国农村地区中小河流水质改善及水环境管理提供示范参考和决策依据.     

基于渗透特性的MSW颗粒组成和结构分析

在南方某填埋场埋深5~30m范围内取6组重约5kg的试样,对其进行筛分与分拣,研究垃圾颗粒组成随埋深的变化规律,同时对不同荷载作用下的垃圾试样进行染色切片,对比分析上覆压力对垃圾内部结构的影响.结果表明：对于不同埋深的城市固体废弃物,细颗粒（0D,即粒径<2cm）所占比例最大,几乎均超过50%,粗粒中2D颗粒所占比例最高,而塑料在2D颗粒中占比最大;随着荷载的增大,细粒含量增加,大孔隙和优先流通道减小.上覆压力主要通过减少垃圾内部孔隙通道,进而减小渗透系数;2D颗粒在荷载的作用下能定向排列,使渗流路径发生曲折,进而导致渗流各向异性.2D颗粒的定向排列是垃圾渗流各向异性产生的关键因素,其中塑料又是其最重要的因素.     

廊坊开发区秋季VOCs污染特征及来源解析

使用ZF-PKU-1007大气挥发性有机物（VOCs）在线连续监测系统,于2018年09月25日~10月18日在廊坊市经济技术开发区对99种VOCs进行了在线连续观测.结果显示,观测期间VOCs浓度为69.56×10^-9,烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃、醛酮类及卤代烃体积分数占VOCs比例分别为53.2%、5.9%、7.6%、10.5%和19.3%;使用OH消耗速率L_OH和臭氧生成潜势（OFP）估算了观测期间VOCs大气化学反应活性,结果表明醛酮类、芳香烃和烯烃是主要的活性物质;使用气溶胶生成系数法（FAC）估算了VOCs对二次有机气溶胶（SOA）的贡献,得出VOCs对SOA浓度的贡献值为1.13μg/m³,其中芳香烃对SOA生成贡献占比为94.3%,间/对-二甲苯、甲苯为优势物种;使用PMF模型对VOCs进行了来源解析,识别了5个主要来源,分别为溶剂使用及挥发源（39.6%）、机动车源（22.5%）、固定燃烧源（17.6%）、石化工业源（11.1%）及植物排放源（9.4%）,因此,溶剂使用及挥发源、机动车源及燃烧源应为廊坊开发区秋季大气VOCs控制的重点.     

海上溢油指纹鉴别技术现状及展望

简要回顾了海上溢油污染概况,介绍了国内外溢油鉴别方法:气相色谱法、气相色谱-质谱法、荧光光谱法、红外光谱法等,指出了未来海上溢油指纹鉴别技术的发展方向。     

廊坊市开发区冬季颗粒物碳组分污染特征及来源分析

廊坊市是北京市及周边传输通道“2+26”城市之一.为研究廊坊市开发区冬季颗粒物中碳组分污染特征,于2018年1月5日—2月5日在廊坊市开发区国控点位同步开展PM_2.5及PM₁₀样品采集,使用DRI分析OC（有机碳）与EC（元素碳）的质量浓度.结果表明:廊坊开发区冬季ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（PM₁₀）分别为（54.5±46.0）（91.0±58.2）μg/m3.PM_2.5中ρ（OC）、ρ（EC）分别为14.64、3.54 μg/m3,PM₁₀中分别为17.07、4.58 μg/m3;PM_2.5、PM₁₀中ρ（OC）与ρ（EC）相关性均较好,R2均为0.91（P < 0.01）,表明二者具有相似的来源;在PM_2.5和PM₁₀中OC/EC〔ρ（OC）/ρ（EC）,下同〕分别为4.46和4.16,ρ（SOC）（SOC为二次有机碳）分别为6.15和5.88 μg/m3,分别占ρ（OC）的42.1%和37.7%,表明二次污染较严重.碳组分丰度及主成分分析结果表明,PM_2.5与PM₁₀中碳组分来源基本一致,主要来源于汽车尾气、水溶性极性化合物、生物质燃烧及燃煤的混合源,柴油车排放,以及道路扬尘.后向气流轨迹聚类结果表明,颗粒物及碳组分质量浓度受途径内蒙古自治区及河北省中部、北京市南部气团的影响较大;对于碳组分来源,道路扬尘及汽车尾气受气团传输的影响较大,而生物质燃烧、燃煤等受气团传输的影响较小.研究显示,汽车尾气、燃烧源及道路扬尘为廊坊市开发区冬季碳组分的主要来源.      

Distribution and relationship between antimicrobial resistance genes and heavy metals in surface sediments of Taihu Lake, China

Heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, and other wastes released into the environment can significantly influence environmental antibiotic resistance. We investigated the occurrence of 22 antimicrobial resistance genes(ARGs) and 10 heavy metal concentrations, and the relationship between ARGs and heavy metals in surface sediment from seven sites of Lake Taihu. The results showed significant correlations(p 0.05) between sediment ARG levels,especially for tetracycline and sulfonamides(e.g., tet(A), tet(D), tet(E), tet(O), sul1, sul2 and int-1) and specific heavy metals(Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Zn, among others) in the Lake. In the surface sediments, heavy metals showed an interaction with resistance genes, but the strength of interaction was diminished with increasing depth. For most of the heavy metals, the concentration of elements in the top sediments was higher than that in other depths.Tetracycline resistance genes(tet(A), tet(B), tet(D), tet(E) and tet(O), β-lactam resistance genes(SHV, TEM, CTX, OXA and OXY) and sulfonamide resistance genes(sulA, sul1, sul2, sul3 and int-1) were detected. They showed a trend which inferred a statistically significant increase followed by decreases in the relative abundance of these ARGs(normalized to 16 S rRNA genes) with increasing depth. This study revealed that tet(A), tet(O), TEM, OXY, int-1, sul1 and sul3 were widespread in surface sediments with high abundance, indicating that these genes deserve more attention in future work.     

Effects of tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium sulfate pretreatment on characteristics of sewage sludge

Recently, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate(THPS) was found to play an important role in the sludge pretreatment process. However, the effects of THPS pretreatment on the characteristics of sewage sludge are still insufficiently understood.The properties of sludge after pretreatment with different concentrations of THPS were investigated in this study. The results showed that pH, dewatering ability, and particle size of sludge decreased with increase in THPS concentration. The volatile suspended solids(VSS) and total suspended solids(TSS) of sludge also decreased slightly with increase in THPS concentration. The specific oxygen uptake rate(SOUR) results suggested that lower THPS concentrations(≤ 1.87 mg/g VSS) enhanced the activity of sludge, but higher concentrations(≥ 1.87 mg/g VSS) inhibited it. Gram-negative bacteria with peritrichous flagellation(such as Pseudomonas, Escherichia, and Faecalibacterium) were extremely sensitive to THPS. The decrease in specific most probable numbers(MPNs) of pathogens(total coliforms and Escherichia coli) with the increase in THPS concentration also proved the sterilization ability of THPS in the sludge pretreatment process. Pretreatment of sludge with concentrations of THPS higher than 37.41 mg/g VSS would meet the pathogen requirements for land application of Class A biosolids.     

Facile synthesis of graphitic carbon-nitride supported antimony-doped tin oxide nanocomposite and its application for the adsorption of volatile organic compounds

Antimony-doped tin oxide(ATO) nanoparticles with an average size of ～ 6 nm were prepared by co-precipitation and subsequent heat treatment. Graphitic carbon nitride(g-CN)/ATO hybrid nanocomposite was designed by the combination of thermally synthesized g-CN and ATO nanoparticles by ultrasonication. The materials were characterized using N2 adsorption/desorption(BET), X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS), transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR). A mixture of five volatile organic compounds(VOCs, chloroform, benzene, toluene, xylene and styrene) was used to compare the adsorption capacity of the samples. The adsorption capacity of ATO nanoparticles was improved by the addition of g-CN. Experimental data showed that, among the five VOCs,chloroform was the least adsorbed, regardless of the samples. The g-CN/ATO showed nearly three times greater adsorption capacity for the VOC mixture than pure ATO. The unchanged efficiency of VOC adsorption during cyclic use demonstrated the completely reversible adsorption and desorption behavior of the nanocomposite at room conditions. This economically and environmentally friendly material can be a practical solution for outdoor and indoor VOC removal.     

Reuse of Fenton sludge as an iron source for NiFe2O4 synthesis and its application in the Fenton-based process

The potentially hazardous iron-containing sludge from the Fenton process requires proper treatment and disposal, which often results in high treatment cost. In this study, a novel method for the reuse of Fenton sludge as an iron source for the synthesis of nickel ferrite particles(NiFe_2O_4) is proposed. Through a co-precipitation method followed by sintering at 800°C, magnetic NiFe_2O_4 particles were successfully synthesized, which was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electronic microscopy(SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy. The synthesized NiFe_2O_4 could be used as an efficient catalyst in the heterogeneous Fenton process. In phenol degradation with H_2O_2 or NiFe_2O_4 alone, the phenol removal efficiencies within the reaction time of 330 min were as low as 5.9% ± 0.1% and 13.5% ±0.4%, respectively. However, in the presence of both NiFe_2O_4 and H_2O_2, phenol removal efficiency as high as 95% ± 3.4% could be achieved, indicating the excellent catalytic performance of NiFe_2O_4 in the heterogeneous Fenton process. Notably, a rapid electron exchange between_Ni II and_Fe III ions in the NiFe_2O_4 structure could be beneficial for the Fenton reaction. In addition, the magnetic catalyst was relatively stable, highly active and recoverable, and has potential applications in the Fenton process for organic pollutant removal.