Microwave photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B using TiO2 supported on activated carbon： Mechanism implication

The photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) was carried out using TiO2 supported on activated carbon (TiO2-AC) under microwave irradiation. Composite catalyst TiO2-AC was prepared and characterized using X-ray di raction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). In the process of microwave-enhanced photocatalysis (MPC), RhB (30 mg/L) was almost completely decoloured in 10 min, and the mineralization e ciency was 96.0% in 20 min. The reaction rate constant of RhB in MPC using TiO2-AC by pseudo first-order reaction kinetics was 4.16 times of that using Degussa P25. Additionally, according to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) identification, the major intermediates of RhB in MPC included two kinds of N-de-ethylation intermediates (N,N-diethyl-N’-ethyl-rhodamine (DER)), oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, and phthalic acid, maleic acid, 3-nitrobenzoic acid, and so on. The degradation of RhB in MPC was mainly attributed to the destruction of the conjugated structure, and then the intermediates transformed to acid molecules which were mineralized to water and carbon dioxide.     

Significant influences of TiO2 crystal structures on NO2 and HONO emissions from the nitrates photolysis

The emissions of NO₂ and HONO from the KNO₃ photolysis in the presence of TiO₂ were measured using a round-shape reactor coupled to a NO_x analyzer. TiO₂ played important roles in the emission flux density of NO₂ (R_NO2) and HONO (R_HONO), depending on crystal structures and mass ratios of TiO₂. R_NO2 and R_HONO significantly decreased with increasing the rutile and anatase mass ratios from 0 to 8 and 0.5 wt.%, respectively. Nevertheless, with further increasing the anatase mass ratio to 8 wt.%, there was an increase in R_NO2 and R_HONO. R_NO2 on KNO₃/TiO₂/SiO₂ had positive correlation with the KNO₃ mass (1–20 wt.%), irradiation intensity (80–400 W/m²) and temperature (278–308 K), while it had the maximum value at the relative humidity (RH) of 55%. R_HONO on KNO₃/TiO₂/SiO₂ slightly varied with the KNO₃ mass and temperature, whereas it increased with the irradiation intensity and RH. In addition, the mechanism for NO₂ and HONO emissions from the nitrates photolysis and atmospheric implications were discussed.     

恢复措施对排土场土壤酶活性和微生物量的影响

以海州露天矿排土场为研究对象,选取工程复垦、人工种植林地(榆树、刺槐和紫穗槐)和天然草地3种恢复措施作为修复地,以荒裸地作为对照,研究恢复措施对土壤酶活性和土壤微生物量的影响,探讨生态恢复措施对排土场土壤质量的改善情况.结果表明,在同一土层中,修复地土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶的活性和土壤微生物量显著高于荒裸地(P0.05),人工林地和天然草地在提高上述4种土壤酶活性方面显著高于工程复垦地(P0.05),工程复垦能够显著提高土壤过氧化氢酶活性(P0.05),却不能显著提高土壤微生物量(P0.05).表层土壤中,微生物量C/N比值表现为人工林地和天然草地显著高于其他土壤(P0.05),深层土壤则为荒裸地最高.从垂直分布上看,土壤酶活性和土壤微生物量C、N随着土壤深度的增加而降低.相关分析表明,土壤酶活性和微生物量与土壤养分含量之间密切相关,说明土壤酶活性和微生物量可以作为评价排土场土壤质量的生物学指标.3种恢复措施对土壤质量的改善能力依次为人工林地天然草地工程复垦地,在林种的选择上为乔木灌木.     

荷电超滤膜的研究：Ⅰ.氯甲基化聚砜超滤膜的研究

膜材料本身的性质是决定膜性能的主要因素，对于荷电超滤膜，荷电性和荷电程度对膜性能有较大的影响，本文研究了含氯量对氯甲基化聚砜超滤膜性能的影响，就有关制膜条件对膜的物理性能和电性能的影响也进行了研究。     

农田土壤中铜的来源分析及控制阈值研究

农田土壤重金属污染直接危及到生态安全、食品安全和人体健康.从源头上控制农田土壤重金属污染是农业可持续发展和保障农产品质量安全的首要措施.本文采用物质流分析法与情景分析法,以水稻(双季稻、单季稻)、小麦-玉米、蔬菜(叶菜、根菜和果菜)的产地农田生态系统为研究对象,研究农田土壤中重金属铜的输入途径(大气沉降、磷肥、有机肥以及灌溉水)和输出途径(籽粒/可食部位、秸秆/残余物以及地表排水),并通过文献查阅和采样分析建立数据库,在平衡分析基础上为了保障100年土壤铜累积不超过设定的情景水平,当土壤铜背景值含量分别增加50％,100％和150％时,推导出磷肥、有机肥以及灌溉水的重金属含量安全阈值,磷肥中铜含量应控制在65～175 mg·kg-1范围内;畜禽粪肥中铜含量应控制在35～95 mg· kg-1范围内.灌溉水质标准应控制在40～70 μg·L-1范围内.这将为我国农产品产地安全管理和源头预防控制,保障我国农产品质量安全提供一定的技术指导作用.     

"t"检验法则在闽北抗寒速生邓恩桉优株筛选的应用

用材林优株筛选通常应用"11株标准木与5株优势木法",但在选择上,优良单株的选择标准确定存在主观性,所筛选的优良单株需反复试验,才能得到目的优良遗传性状,所需时间长.本文利用大样本调查方法,通过对引种地1～4 a生实生苗造林的邓恩桉不同林分优良单株进行预选.在不同年龄林分中,以预选的优势木为中心,依据早期林分各生长性状呈正态分布规律,利用正态分布的"t"检验法确定优株筛选的选择标准,应用所确定的选择标准筛选抗寒速生优株.从1-4 a生林分中分别筛选得优株6、5、2、2株.与优株所在林分平均值比较,1～4 a生树高分别增长90.5%、39.0%、45.2%、61.5%以上.2～4 a生胸径分别增长37.9%、81.2%、73.3%以上,2～4a生材积分别增长134%、378%、339%以上.该方法是基因重组的突变理论与数理统计的异常数据剔除法的综合,能一次性检验获得突变优良遗传性状,克服了上述两种方法的主观性,大大缩短了选择时间,提高了优良性状的利用率.该方法系本文首次提出并称作"t"检验选择法,在用材林优株筛选应用上具有良好的指导价值.表4参14     

Improved nitrogen removal in dual-contaminated surface water by photocatalysis

River waters in China have dual contamination by nutrients and recalcitrant organic compounds. In principle, the organic compounds could be used to drive denitrification of nitrate, thus arresting eutrophication potential, if the recalcitrant organics could be made bioavailable. This study investigated the potential to make the recalcitrant organics bioavailable through photocatalysis. Batch denitrification tests in a biofilm reactor demonstrated that dual-contaminated river water was short of available electron donor, which resulted in low total nitrogen (TN) removal by denitrification. However, the denitrification rate was increased significantly by adding glucose or by making the organic matters of the river water more bioavailable through photocatalysis. Photocatalysis for 15 min increased the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of the river water from 53 to 84 mg·L^-1 and led to a 4-fold increase in TN removal. The increase in TN removal gave the same effect as adding 92 mg·L^-1 of glucose. During the photocatalysis experiments, the COD increased because photocatalysis transformed organic molecules from those that are resistant to dichromate oxidation in the COD test to those that can be oxidized by dichromate. This phenomenon was verified by testing photocatalysis of pyridine added to the river water. These findings point to the potential for N removal via denitrification after photocatalysis, and they also suggest that the rivers in China may be far more polluted than indicated by COD assays.     

大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究进展

二（口/恶）（口/英）是世界公认的强致癌物质,对人体健康危害极大.近年来,大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）的研究已成为各国环境化学家研究的热点.本文总结了近年来国际上有关大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究的进展情况,以及所取得的主要研究成果,并在此基础上指出了我国目前研究中存在的问题及以后所应开展的工作.     

Impacts of microbial redox conditions on the phase distribution of pyrene in soil-water systems

Variations in the soil/sediment organic matter (SOM)-hydrophobic organic contaminant (HOC) bindings upon microbially mediated redox conditions were examined. While the extractability of pyrene associated with soil declined after its biodegradation began during aerobic incubation, its variations were almost constant (±3.0-4.4%) during anoxic/anaerobic incubations. The dissolved organic matter released from the soil incubated under highly reduced conditions became more humified and aromatic, had a higher average molecular weight, and was more polydispersed compared to that obtained from oxic incubation, similar to the SOM alterations in the early stage of diagenesis (humification). The concentrations of pyrene in the aqueous phase increased significantly during the soil incubations under highly reduced conditions due to its favorable interaction with the altered DOM. Our results suggest that the microbially mediated redox conditions have significant impacts on SOM and should be considered for the transport, fate, bioavailability, and exposure risk of HOCs in the geo-environments.     

Identifying sources of soil inorganic pollutants on a regional scale using a multivariate statistical approach: role of pollutant migration and soil physicochemical properties

Principal components analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis were used to estimate the contribution of four components related to pollutant sources on the total variation in concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, As, Se, Hg, Fe and Mn in surface soil samples from a valley in east China with numerous copper and zinc smelters. Results indicate that when carrying out source identification of inorganic pollutants their tendency to migrate in soils may result in differences between the pollutant composition of the source and the receptor soil, potentially leading to errors in the characterization of pollutants using multivariate statistics. The stability and potential migration or movement of pollutants in soils must therefore be taken into account. Soil physicochemical properties may offer additional useful information. Two different mechanisms have been hypothesized for correlations between soil heavy metal concentrations and soil organic matter content and these may be helpful in interpreting the statistical analysis.