Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycling in Shrimp Ponds and the Measures for Sustainable Management

Six ponds of age 3 were selected 45 km north from Suzhou in the Tailake region, and research conducted on nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in P. vannanmei(Penaeus vannanme) ponds and M. nipponense(Macrobrachium nipponense) hatchery ponds under normal management. Two treatments each had three replications. The results confirmed that feed was the major path of nitrogen and phosphorus input, each accounted for 61.24%(193.81 kg ha^–1) and 81.08%(45.20 kg ha^–1) of the total nitrogen and phosphorus input for P. vannanme ponds; the values for M. nipponense ponds were 43.93%(86.31 kg ha^–1) and 57.67%(14.61 kg ha^–1), respectively. Water pumped into ponds contributed on average 83.57 kg ha^–1 nitrogen and 8.48 kg ha^–1 phosphorus for P. vannanmei ponds, and 87.48 kg ha^–1 nitrogen and 7.00 kg ha^–1 phosphorus for M. nipponense hatchery ponds. Shrimp harvest recovered 102.81 kg ha^–1 nitrogen (32.94% of the total nitrogen input) and 7.94 kg ha^–1phosphorus (14.23% of the total phosphorus input) for P. vannanme ponds; and 43.94 kg ha^–1 nitrogen and 4.46 kg ha^–1phosphorus for M. nipponense hatchery ponds. The sum of nitrogen losses through volatilization, denitrification and sedimentation was 173.62 and 122.39 kg ha^–1, 54.86% and 62.29% of the total nitrogen input for P. vannanme ponds and M. nipponense hatchery ponds, respectively. Sediment accumulated 41.46 and 14.63 kg ha^–1 phosphorus, 74.37% and 64.85% of the total phosphorus input for P. vannanm ponds and M. nipponense hatchery ponds. Draining and seeping caused 40.06 kg ha^–1 nitrogen (12.66% of total nitrogen input) and 6.36 kg ha^–1 phosphorus (11.40% of total phosphorus input) loss to the surrounding water from P. vannanme ponds in 114 days; 30.14 kg ha^–1nitrogen (15.34% of the total input) and 4.45 kg ha^–1 phosphorus (17.57% of the total input) to channel water from M. nipponense hatchery ponds in 87 days, respectively. Countermeasures for sustainable pond management include improving feeds and feeding, sediment treatments, machine aerating, chemicals with no pollution, and integrated fish-shrimp cultivation. Management of water resources for pond and methods to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus loading into surrounding water from drainage are elucidated.     

Optimisation algorithms for spatially constrained forest planning

We compared genetic algorithms, simulated annealing and hill climbing algorithms on spatially constrained, integrated forest planning problems. There has been growing interest in algorithms that mimic natural processes, such as genetic algorithms and simulated annealing. These algorithms use random moves to generate new solutions, and employ a probabilistic acceptance/rejection criterion that allows inferior moves within the search space. Algorithms for a genetic algorithm, simulated annealing, and random hill climbing are formulated and tested on a same-sample forest-planning problem where the adjacency rule is strictly enforced. Each method was randomly started 20 times and allowed to run for 10,000 iterations. All three algorithms identified good solutions (within 3% of the highest found), however, simulated annealing consistently produced superior solutions. Simulated annealing and random hill climbing were approximately 10 times faster than the genetic algorithm because only one solution needs to be modified at each iteration. Performance of simulated annealing was essentially independent of the starting point, giving it an important advantage over random hill climbing. The genetic algorithm was not well suited to the strict adjacency problem because considerable computation time was necessary to repair the damage caused during crossover.     

不同结构生态滤池处理城镇污水研究

研究了不同结构生态滤池处理城镇污水的效果。复合床生态滤池采用初沉池出水作为进水，用中颗粒填料和粗颗粒填料作为惰性填料层，在不同水力负荷下(HLR)，CODCr、NH4^ -N去除率分别达74％-85％、30％-90％，出水浊度低。出水中NH4^ -N质量浓度下降，NO3^ -N质量浓度显著增加。氮的转化受HLR影响较大。中颗粒填料较粗颗粒填料的处理效果好，惰性层在硝化方面起着重要作用。进出水中碱度差与硝酸根质量浓度差、氨氮质量浓度差均呈显著相关性。介绍了生态滤池内的物质流、食物链及生态滤池的工作原理。     

核糖体RNA基因在海洋动物分子系统学中的应用

随着分子遗传标记在分子系统学中应用的发展,核糖体RNA基因因其特殊的组成结构和演化方式被广泛应用于海洋动物分子系统学研究中.本文系统地介绍了真核生物核糖体RNA基因的组成和性质及其近年来在海洋动物系统进化、分类和种质鉴定、遗传多样性研究等方面研究中的应用.从中可以看出,核糖体RNA基因已经广泛应用于海洋动物的分子系统学研究中,但主要利用的是核糖体RNA基因的一级结构.图2参36     

大孔径聚砜超滤膜的研究

作者用向铸膜液中加水的方法对制备大孔膜进行了研究。选择适宜的聚砜浓度和水含量，可以制得截留分子量为１５万的聚砜超滤膜。该膜对丙种球蛋白的截留率＞９５％，纯水透水速度可达７０－８０ｍｌ／ｃｍ＾２·ｈ（０．１ＭＰａ）。     

温度循环-应变作用下聚醚推进剂老化机理研究

目的 掌握聚醚推进剂在温度循环与应变耦合作用下的老化机理.方法 开展65～75℃温度循环和3％预应变耦合作用下的老化试验,针对不同老化时间的聚醚推进剂,分析抗拉强度、伸长率等力学性能的变化规律,以及表面微观损伤、分子官能团、反应热等微观损伤演变情况,综合推断聚醚推进剂宏观-微观关联老化机理.结果 随着老化时间延长,最大抗拉强度波动下降,最大伸长率先增大、后减小;高氯酸铵和聚醚粘合剂的分解峰温均向低温方向移动,位于1410 cm?1的高氯酸铵吸收峰增强,而位于1565、1725 cm?1的聚醚粘合剂中氨基甲酸酯、酰胺基团吸收峰下降;嵌在聚醚粘合剂内部的高氯酸铵逐渐暴露,且部分高氯酸铵颗粒与周围界面明显分离,并出现小孔洞.结论 在长期温度循环和预应变作用下,聚醚推进剂分子主链中酰胺基团的C—N键由于分子间结合力较弱而分解断链,破坏了分子主链网状交联结构,使得分散其中的AP粒子逐渐露出表面,并呈现部分断裂损伤特征,引起抗拉强度下降.     

ADMS仿真模拟在总量控制中的应用

ADMs是新一代的大气扩散模型，用来评估空气污染扩散的问题。抚顺市2004年采取了大气污染治理措施并使用ADMs模型予以评估。仿真模拟的结果表明各项措施的效果并不和治理时的投资成比例，也不和污染物的削减总量成比例．说明治理过程中的科学性和经济性不够理想，也表明总量控制方针在实施中有许多实际问题需要解决。     

铵离子交换工艺处理炼油废水中的氨氮

对于低浓度含氨氮废水，铵离子交换工艺具有高效、低耗的优点。在实验室利用固定床离子交换装置处理氨氮废水，在20L／h条件下，铵交换量达到最大，为6．1mg/g。分别选用氢氧化钠和氯化钠的混合液以及碳酸钠溶液作为再生液，连续处理石化含氨废水。在进水氨氮浓度小于50mg/L条件下，出水氨氮小于1mg/L；在进水氨氮浓度60－80mg/L条件下，出水氨氮小于2mg/L。再生液用量约为床层体积的4倍。     

Unilateral congenital short femur: A case report

A case of congenital short femur in an otherwise healthy infant is described. Antenatal sonographic diagnosis was made at 26 weeks of gestation. The left femur was shorter than the right (ratio 0·82–0·85). In this case, the occurrence of congenital short femur was sporadic. The diagnosis was confirmed after delivery. This case illustrates the importance of ultrasound as an early detector of certain congenital anomalies and as a useful tool in their follow-up.