长江宜宾江段渔业资源现状调查

于2011年5～7月和10月在长江干流宜宾江段进行了鱼类资源调查。共采集到鱼类62种（亚种）,隶属于4目10科40属,其中19种为长江上游特有鱼类。圆口铜鱼（Coreius guichenoti）、瓦氏黄颡鱼（Pelteobagrus vachelli）、鲫（Carassius auratus）、长薄鳅（Leptobotia elongate）、中华沙鳅（Botia superciliaris）、南方鲇（Silurus meridionalis）、铜鱼（Coreius heterodon）、鲢（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix）、鲇（Silurus asotus）等为宜宾江段优势种。对主要经济种的体长体重数据进行了分析,结果表明渔获规格较历史数据下降明显,单船日捕捞量亦有减少,长江宜宾段的渔业资源呈现衰退的趋势。作为向家坝蓄水前最后一次对宜宾江段的鱼类群落结构进行分析,研究结果可以为分析向家坝水库蓄水对长江上游鱼类的影响提供数据参考     

江汉平原稻田冠层CO2通量变化特征及其影响因素分析

二氧化碳（CO2）、甲烷（CH4）、氧化亚氮（N2O）被认为是最重要的温室气体,在气候变化中扮演着重要角色,实地测定稻田生态系统CO2通量是农业源温室气体监测与控制技术研究的基本内容。采用涡度相关法对江汉平原稻田生态系统进行了通量观测,并对水稻不同生长阶段冠层CO2通量、潜热、显热通量变化特征及其影响因素进行了分析。结果表明：水稻各生育期冠层CO2、潜热、显热通量日变化均表现出明显的单峰特征,但幅度不同,这与太阳总辐射的日变化及下垫面作物叶面积指数大小关系密切。稻田系统作物呼吸与土壤呼吸排放CO2,排放通量一方面与温度的变化有关,另一方面也受灌溉、作物生长状况的影响;稻田光合作用吸收同化大气CO2,吸收通量与作物群体叶面积指数大小、光合有效辐射强度有关。不同生长期冠层CO2通量与温度因子（气温、5cm土层温度）、光辐射强度因子（时光合有效辐射曝辐量）的相关性均达到极显著水平（P<0.01）,其中,分蘖-灌浆乳熟期CO2净通量对时光合有效辐射曝辐量响应的灵敏度较大,可以通过直角双曲线模型来拟合评估CO2净通量     

Assessment of the red-crowned crane habitat in the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve, East China

As wildlife habitat is in constant evolution, periodic monitoring is essential to assess its quality. In this study, the change to the red-crowned crane habitat in the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve was detected from multi-temporal remote sensing data from 1992 to 2008 in a geographic information system. Habitat fragmentation was derived from both physical constraints and human disturbance. The changing habitat quality was assessed against five landscape indices. The results obtained from Landsat TM images indicate that potential habitat shrank 37.9 % during 1992–2001, but recovered 99.4 % by 2008. Suitable habitat shrank by 4,329 ha to a level below that of 1992 despite an increase of 4,747 ha in potential habitat due to an increase of 9,075 ha in fragmented areas. Both landscape indices and the red-crowned crane population reveal that suitable habitat was the most fragmented in 2001, but the least fragmented in 1992. Therefore, it is inadequate to just restore wetland through artificial diversion of channel flow to the Reserve to preserve the crane habitat. Commensurate efforts should also be directed at improving habitat quality by minimizing human activities and spatially juxtaposing water and reed marshes harmoniously inside the Reserve.     

Scientific Basis and Technological Path of Regional Strategic Environmental Assessment

Abstract

The study tries to set up a system to extract strategic environmental assessment (SEA) in exploitation of regional development based on the present situation of environmental assessment in China. First, the article summarizes the emphasis and deficiency of international academic community’s SEA research in the past 10 years. Based on this, the article puts forward the concept and evaluation principles of regional strategic environmental assessment (RSEA). Then the article expounds the necessity of carrying out RSEA. After that, the article discusses in detail the process of RSEA, which includes defining evaluation scope, describing regional background, combing strategic behavior, designing development scenarios, predicting the pressure on environment, assessing environmental impact, screening alternatives and proposing regulation and control schemes.     

Impacts of the Rising Opportunity Cost of Farm Labor on Agricultural Land Use Structure: Theory and Empirical Evidences

Abstract

Nowadays the rising of opportunity cost of farm labor comes to the forefront of attention in China. In order to understand its impact on agricultural land-use structure, a theoretical framework of household economics is formulated drawn on Low’s model. Under the theoretical framework, the impact of the rising opportunity cost of on-farm on cropping structure is deduced in theory. And then, using statistic and survey data, taking mountain area of southern Ningxia as an example, the theoretical assumes are verified. The results show that the rise of opportunity cost of farm labor leads to less diversified cropping structure.     

The win-win pathway of economic growth and CO2 emission reduction: a case study for China

ABSTRACT

Continuously reducing the CO₂ intensity of GDP is the core strategy for developing countries to realize the dual targets of economic growth and CO₂ emissions reduction. The measures are twofold: one is to strengthen energy saving and decrease energy intensity of GDP and the other is to promote energy structural decarbonization and reduce CO₂ intensity of energy consumption. In order to control global temperature rise no more than 2°C, the decrease in CO₂ intensity of GDP needs surpass 4% before 2030, but it could be merely about 2% based on the current trend. Therefore, all countries ought to speed up the low-carbon transition in energy and economy. As for China, keeping a continuous decline in CO₂ intensity of GDP of 4%–5% will ensure the realization of the NDC objectives, and also promotes the early peaking of CO₂ emissions before 2030. China will play a positive leading role in realizing a win-win low-carbon development coordinating sustainable development and climate change mitigation.     

南京冬季典型霾天气过程多元对比分析

选取2017～2020南京地区冬季3个典型霾天气过程,综合分析了霾天气过程中污染物、气象要素以及边界层条件等影响机制与特征变化.结果表明,3次过程中,AQI指数峰值分别为304(严重污染)、227(重度污染)与176(中度污染),且与PM2.5、PM10浓度变化基本趋于一致,PM25与PM10比值基本都大于0.7;污染...     

基于土壤流失的农业面源TN和TP排海系数估算

以黄河三角洲为典型研究区,通过分析区域地表污染物流失风险与入海通量的关系,构建了海岸带农业总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）面源污染排海估算模型.在此基础上,计算了包含水田、水浇地和旱地等耕地类的TN和TP面源污染排海系数,验证表明输出系数估算结果较好.研究区耕地的TN和TP排海系数分别为18.33 kg·（hm²·a）^-1和1.02 kg·（hm²·a）^-1,在夏季面源污染负荷较高.子流域尺度较大的耕地类农业面源污染负荷主要位于支脉河、广利河和小岛河管控区域.TN和TP总负荷较大的行政区主要位于北部黄河口镇和永安镇;较大的单位面积负荷在西南部.因此,需要关注农业面源污染的时间效应,同时协调社会经济发展,从子流域和行政单元的角度制定综合性面源污染防控策略,陆海统筹治理海域污染.     

改良剂调控下水稻镉累积和土壤溶解性有机质光谱特征的响应

研究土壤中溶解性有机质(DOM)的化学组成和特征差异对理解改良剂对Cd的稳定机制具有重要意义.土壤改良剂被广泛应用于受污染农田以缓解重金属在农作物中的累积,但改良剂调控下土壤DOM的光谱特征却鲜见报道.采集南方典型Cd污染水稻土为研究对象,通过投加三大类改良剂(有机类、无机类和石灰类,共11种)进行水稻种植盆栽试验,研究了不同改良剂对土壤DOM的影响.利用紫外-可见光谱、三维荧光光谱和平行因子分析法(PARAFAC)对比分析了不同改良剂调控下根际土壤DOM的光谱特征.结果表明,石灰类改良剂提高土壤pH,促进土壤固相中有机质的溶解,从而显著提高了土壤DOM的质量分数.与对照相比,有机类改良剂提高了土壤DOM的相对分子量和新生自生源贡献率,无机类改良剂提高了土壤DOM的芳香性和疏水性组分,石灰类改良剂提高了土壤DOM的显色组分和腐殖化程度.通过PARAFAC分析和OpenFluor数据库验证,解析出了4个荧光组分C1(255/465)、 C2(325/400)、 C3(275/390)和C4(240/460),均为类腐殖质.两种光谱相互印证,表明土壤DOM来源以陆源输入的类腐殖质为主.相关...     

稻田土壤砷、镉复合污染阻控技术研究进展

砷（As）和镉（Cd）是稻田土壤中最常见的有毒有害重金属元素,且易从土壤迁移到水稻籽粒中.目前,我国稻田土壤中As和Cd及其复合污染现象普遍,对粮食安全和人体健康均构成了严重威胁.As和Cd在土壤中的环境行为相反,对As-Cd复合污染的同步治理是当前水稻安全生产的关键技术难点.通过综述近年来同步阻控水稻对As和Cd吸收以及转运的若干实用技术,包括水分管理、钝化技术、淋洗技术、电动修复技术、植物修复技术、低累积水稻品种的选取以及叶面阻控技术,归纳并分析了各种技术的处理效果、作用机制和制约因素,提出了主要阻控技术的发展方向,指出构建区域高适配性综合技术模式的重要性,以期为稻田As-Cd复合污染治理和水稻安全生产提供参考.