Mechanisms of Pb(II) coprecipitation with natrojarosite and its behavior during acid dissolution

Lead (Pb) coprecipitation with jarosite is common in natural and engineered environments, such as acid mine drainage (AMD) sites and hydrometallurgical industry. Despite the high relevance for environmental impact, few studies have examined the exact interaction of Pb with jarosite and the dissolution behavior of each phase. In the present work, we demonstrate that Pb mainly interacts with jarosite in four modes, namely incorporation, occlusion, physically mixing, and chemically mixing. For comparison, the four modes of Pb-bearing natrojarosite were synthesized and characterized separately. Batch dissolution experiments were undertaken on these synthetic Pb-bearing natrojarosites under pH 2 to simulate the AMD environments. The introduction of Pb decreases the final Fe releasing efficiency of jarosite-type compounds from 18.18% to 3.45%-5.01%, showing a remarkable inhibition of their dissolution. For Pb releasing behavior, PbSO₄ dissolves in preference to Pb-substituted natrojarosite, i.e., (Na, Pb)-jarosite, which primarily results in the sharp increase of Pb releasing concentration (> 40 mg/L). PbSO₄ occlusion by jarosite-type compounds can significantly reduce the release of Pb. The results of this study could provide useful information regarding Fe and Pb cycling in acidic natural and engineered environments.     

Response of PM2.5-bound elemental species to emission variations and associated health risk assessment during the COVID-19 pandemic in a coastal megacity

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is disrupting the world from many aspects. In this study, the impact of emission variations on PM_2.5-bound elemental species and health risks associated to inhalation exposure has been analyzed based on real-time measurements at a remote coastal site in Shanghai during the pandemic. Most trace elemental species decreased significantly and displayed almost no diel peaks during the lockdown. After the lockdown, they rebounded rapidly, of which V and Ni even exceeded the levels before the lockdown, suggesting the recovery of both inland and shipping activities. Five sources were identified based on receptor modeling. Coal combustion accounted for more than 70% of the measured elemental concentrations before and during the lockdown. Shipping emissions, fugitive/mineral dust, and waste incineration all showed elevated contributions after the lockdown. The total non-carcinogenic risk (HQ) for the target elements exceeded the risk threshold for both children and adults with chloride as the predominant species contributing to HQ. Whereas, the total carcinogenic risk (TR) for adults was above the acceptable level and much higher than that for children. Waste incineration was the largest contributor to HQ, while manufacture processing and coal combustion were the main sources of TR. Lockdown control measures were beneficial for lowering the carcinogenic risk while unexpectedly increased the non-carcinogenic risk. From the perspective of health effects, priorities of control measures should be given to waste incineration, manufacture processing, and coal combustion. A balanced way should be reached between both lowering the levels of air pollutants and their health risks.     

白茅海潮滩重金属空间分布特征及生态风险评价

本研究于2020年8月测定了白茅海潮滩表层、次表层（50 cm深）沉积物及间隙水、排放废水中9种重金属（Zn、Cr、Pb、As、Cu、Cd、Ni、Fe、Mn）的含量,利用潜在生态危害指数法以及相关性分析法,结合沉积物粒度特征和TOC含量对白茅海潮滩重金属的分布特征、相关关系和污染风险进行了分析。结果表明,调查区表层沉积物以砂为主,粘土和粉砂含量极少,TOC平均含量为0.031%,重金属含量为Fe>Mn>Zn>Cr>Pb>As>Ni>Cu>Cd。沿岸方向上,P1剖面某些重金属含量高于整个调查区平均含量,出现富集趋势。表层沉积物中的重金属在垂岸方向未表现出明显的分布规律。不同深度沉积物Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、As、Cd含量均低于国家海洋沉积物I类标准值。间隙水中重金属含量为Mn>Fe>Zn>As>Ni>Cu>Pb>Cr>Cd,Cr、Fe、Mn在不同介质中含量差异较大。调查区氧化还原类金属对重金属含量影响较大,粒度和TOC对重金属含量影响较小。调查区综合潜在生态风险指数ERI为113.03,表现为轻微潜在生态危害。各重金属潜在生态污染程度为Cd>As>Pb>Cu>Zn>Cr。Cd为调查区表层沉积物中的主要污染因子,应列为白茅海潮滩优先控制的重金属。     

入境船舶压载水潜在致病菌组成及影响因素研究

船舶压载水直接促进了地理性隔离海域之间的水体交换,可作为潜在致病菌迁移扩散的媒介。本文以采集到的25艘入境船舶的压载水样品为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术对潜在致病菌群落组成和影响因素进行了初步解析。结果表明:变形菌（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌（Bacteroidetes）和放线菌（Actinobacteria）为压载水中的优势菌门。船舶压载水中共检出36个潜在致病菌属和19个潜在致病菌种。痤疮丙酸杆菌（Cutibacterium acnes）、大肠埃希氏杆菌（Escherichia coli）和表皮葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus epidermidis）为压载水中最普遍的潜在致病菌,检出率超过50%。置换和未置换压载水中潜在致病菌的种类数量和丰度并无显著差异。此外,压载水中的潜在致病菌与磷酸盐及大肠埃希氏杆菌呈显著正相关性,表明其可能与近岸的人类活动有关。综上所述,相关部门应当对船舶压载水加强管理,以降低潜在致病菌的入侵扩散风险。     

Removal of refractory organics and heavy metals in landfill leachate concentrate by peroxi-coagulation process

Landfill leachate is a complex effluent and it is difficult to deal with. Electrochemical methods have been considered as a promising alternative technology for treatment of landfill leachate with refractory organic contaminants and heavy metals. Peroxi-coagulation (PC) process with iron anode and modified graphite felt cathode was developed for efficient landfill leachate concentrate treatment. Compared to electro-Fenton (EF) and electrocoagulation (EC) processes, the PC process was more cost-effective due to the combined action of ^•OH oxidation and iron hydroxides coagulation. A maximal TOC removal of 77.2% ± 1.4% was obtained after 360 min at initial pH = 5.0 and current density of 10 mA/cm². After the PC process, concentrations of all seven heavy metals in the final effluents were below the allowable emission limits given by the present regulatory standards. The method preference for heavy metal removal was PC > EC > EF. Based on the three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with regional integration analysis during the PC treatment, the florescence peaks of both humic acids and fulvic acids disappeared after treatment for 360 min. Decreasing trends were observed in the fluorescent regional standard volumes for aromatic protein I (31.4%), aromatic protein II (63.7%), fulvic acid-like (69.5%), soluble microbial by-product-like (75%) and humic acid-like regions (76.3%). The results indicate that comparing to the EF and EC process, the PC process provide a promising and more cost-effective alternative for the treatment of landfill leachate concentrate.     

沈阳市采暖期与非采暖期空气PM2.5污染特征及来源分析

为了研究沈阳市采暖期与非采暖期空气PM_(2.5)污染特征及来源,于2015年1月29日～2016年1月26日在沈阳市采集PM_(2.5)有效样品113组,并分析了其载带的水溶性离子、碳组分及元素组分.结果表明,采样期间沈阳市PM_(2.5)质量浓度均值为66μg·m~(-3),其中31. 0%的样品超过《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)日均值二级标准(75μg·m~(-3)),采暖期PM_(2.5)的平均浓度和超标率(90μg·m~(-3)、68. 6%)明显高于非采暖期(51μg·m~(-3)、31. 4%).采样期间21种元素(除了Mg、Ti、Ca、Fe、Si)、水溶性离子(除Ca~(2+)以外)和OC、EC质量浓度均呈现出采暖期高于非采暖期的趋势;[NO_3~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]比值表明非采暖期受移动源影响明显增加,燃煤等固定源仍是采暖期PM_(2.5)的主要来源,PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子是固定源和移动源共同作用的结果;氮氧化率(NOR)和硫氧化率(SOR)分析得到NO_x二次转化程度较弱,SO_2二次转化程度较强,特别是在非采暖期;富集因子结果表明EF值较高的元素主要来自燃煤、交通污染和工业排放. PM_(2.5)组分重构质量与实测质量呈现较好的相关性,采暖期和非采暖期PM_(2.5)中主要组分均为有机物(OM 28. 0%、23. 1%)、矿物尘(MIN 14. 5%、26. 0%)和SO_4~(2-)(15. 1%、19. 9%),PM_(2.5)受二次粒子、燃烧源和扬尘源影响较大.     

改进式开顶气室模拟CO2浓度控制系统性能分析

为提高开顶气室（open-top chamber,OTC）模拟气候变化研究植物生理响应的控制效果,基于前期OTC控制系统基础,对气室结构、控制系统及监测系统改进升级。对改进后的OTC控制系统采集了试验期间5月—10月OTC气室内CO₂浓度、温度及空气相对湿度实时数据分析模拟效果,结果表明：改进后的OTC控制系统能够控制CO₂浓度达到试验预设浓度梯度,在试验期OTC气室内监测的CO₂浓度平均值对照组（CK）为369.33 μmol?mol^?1,处理1组（TR1）为558.35 μmol?mol^?1,处理2组（TR2）为772.71 μmol?mol^?1;CO₂浓度波动范围TR1组为551.82—572.40 μmol?mol^?1,变幅为20.58 μmol?mol^?1;TR2组为756.71—779.79 μmol?mol^?1,变幅为23.08 μmol?mol^?1,满足试验预设模拟要求;气室内不同处理间温度、空气相对湿度差异均不显著（p＞0.05）。改进后的OTC控制系统模拟效果好,可用于研究植物响应气候变化的模拟试验。     

宝鸡市主要农作物冰雹灾害风险评估

冰雹灾害是宝鸡市面临的主要农业气象灾害之一,采用宝鸡市2016年的Landsat TM遥感影像,经过遥感解译得到宝鸡市主要农作物的空间分布图。根据宝鸡市1961 — 2016年55 a的降雹记录和防雹炮点分布资料,计算得到区域降雹强度、降雹频次和防雹能力值,以灾损数据确定主要农作物的承灾体敏感性指数。基于致灾因子危险性、承灾体暴露度及脆弱性三要素,采用综合评价法和自然间断分类法得出宝鸡市主要农作物的冰雹灾害风险分布图。结果表明:宝鸡市主要农作物的冰雹灾害风险等级以中级风险为主,占全部风险等级的43.5%,主要分布于千阳、凤县、岐山、扶风等地;次高风险区占25.2%,主要分布在陈仓及扶风;次低风险区占18.7%,分布于金台、眉县及太白零星散区;高风险区占9.8%,全部集中于陇县和麟游;低风险区占比最少,为2.8%,零星分布于凤县和扶风。应加强对冰雹灾害高风险区的防爆能力建设,调整防雹点分布和作物种植。     

1980~2016年陕西省冬季霾日数时空变化及增多成因初探

利用陕西省地面气象观测站观测资料、中国国家统计局统计资料、美国NASA的MODIS气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）资料以及NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,对1980~2016年陕西省冬季霾日数的时空变化特征及可能原因进行了分析,结果表明：（1）1980~2016年冬季陕西省平均霾日数为12d左右,并且伴有明显的年代际变化;其中1980~2012年冬季霾日数波动明显,1980~1993年偏多,1994~2012年偏少,2013年之后霾日数增加明显.（2）1980~2016年冬季陕西的霾日数有显著的区域差异.关中地区的霾日数最多,平均每年大于18d;陕南地区次之,年平均霾日数为10d左右;陕北地区最少,平均霾日数仅3d左右.陕北、关中、陕南3大区域冬季的霾日数均在2013年后出现了明显的增多.（3）2000~2016年冬季MODIS卫星监测的陕西AOD在关中咸阳、西安、渭南以及汉中南部和安康南部存在明显的高值区,大于0.4,其中关中气溶胶高值区域与关中地区霾日数大值区域有很好的对应关系.（4）2013~2016年冬季我国中东部的对流层低层的东风异常是向陕西关中地区输送气溶胶的有利条件,是霾天气的产生原因之一;2013~2016年陕西冬季对流层低层存在一个明显的位温梯度增大的区域,是不利于霾向高空扩散的大气层结条件,是霾日数明显增加的另一个原因.     

我国PM2.5与臭氧污染协同控制策略研究

近年来,我国大气污染格局发生了深刻变化,PM_2.5与臭氧（O₃）成为影响我国城市和区域空气质量的主要空气污染物,二者协同控制已成为我国空气质量改善的焦点和打赢蓝天保卫战的关键.PM_2.5与臭氧之间具有复杂的关联性,使得二者的协同控制具有复杂性与艰巨性.分析了PM_2.5与臭氧成因的关联性及其相互影响,阐明了PM_2.5与臭氧污染协同控制所涉及的重要科学问题,并在此基础上研究了目前我国PM_2.5与臭氧的污染形势及二者的关联性,梳理了我国自2013年以来在PM_2.5与臭氧污染控制中已采取的重要举措,论述了目前我国PM_2.5与臭氧协同控制在科学与管理上所面临的挑战.结合对国外成功经验的分析,提出推进我国PM_2.5与臭氧污染协同控制工作的相关建议:①加快监测能力建设,完善管理体系;②强化科技支撑,提高PM_2.5与臭氧污染控制精准性;③加快构建VOCs与NO_x治理技术体系;④加大VOCs与NO_x的协同减排力度,保障减排方案落实到位.