碲化镉量子点Cd~(2+)释放对小鼠肝、肾组织毒作用的研究

探讨碲化镉量子点(cadmium telluride quantum dots,Cd Te QDs)Cd2+释放与其体内毒性之间的关系。将24只雄性ICR小鼠(24.7~26.8g)随机分为4组,每组6只,分别为0 nmol组(对照组)、5 nmol染毒组、50 nmol染毒组和500 nmol染毒组(以Cd2+的摩尔浓度计算)。采用尾静脉注射方式进行染毒,染毒组注射0.15 ml不同浓度的Cd Te QDs溶液,对照组注射同等体积的生理盐水。染毒24h后小鼠脱臼处死,计算脏器系数,进行血常规和血清生化指标分析以及肝、肾组织的病理组织学检查。选取金属硫蛋白(metallothionein,MT)作为生物体内游离Cd2+水平的生物标志物,通过酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)和免疫组织化学技术检测小鼠肝、肾组织中的MT水平。结果表明,各染毒组小鼠肝、肾脏器系数与对照组相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),尿素氮水平与对照组相比显著降低(P0.01)。随着染毒剂量增加,小鼠肝、肾组织病理改变逐渐加重,肝细胞可见不同程度的水性样变和肿胀;肾小管管腔水肿、肾上皮细胞水样变性,以及远曲小管水肿。染毒组小鼠肝、肾组织中MT的含量与对照组相比明显升高(P0.05),且随着染毒剂量增加MT表达增强。研究结果提示,Cd Te QDs对小鼠肝、肾组织具有一定的毒作用,其毒作用大小与Cd Te QDs降解释放的游离Cd2+含量呈正相关。     

乌鲁木齐市燃煤点源现状分析

对乌鲁木齐市燃煤点派数量、耗煤量、污染物的排放量以及在各功能区的分布分别进行了统计分析，对污染物的排放量在不同高度空间的分布也进行了统计分析，从而得出了确切的结论并提出了相应的建议。     

Effect of soil crust on evaporation and dew deposition in Mu Us sandy land, China

The development of soil crust on sandy land may affect the surface hydrological process. This paper investigates the process of evaporation and dew deposition influenced by different soil surface types which were dominated by sand, primitive biotic crust, and advanced biotic crust, respectively, in the south fringe of Mu Us sandy land in Northwest China from July to September of 2006. The experimental results indicate that the advanced biotic crust could increase evaporation and dew deposition compared to the primitive biotic crust and bare sand although the differences between them were not significant. The average evaporation from advanced biotic crust, primitive biotic crust and sand was 6.8, 6.6, and 6.5 mm/d, respectively, and water content is around 16.2 % in the condition of initially identical soil. The average dew amount on advanced biotic crust was 0.116 mm/d with extreme 0.05 and 0.24 mm/d. The average values on primitive biotic crust and sand were 0.105 and 0.101 mm/d, respectively, with extreme 0.04 and 0.21 mm/d for both treatments. Also, the dew deposition on advanced biotic crust seemed stable and might rest for a longer time than that on primitive biotic crust and sand. The results suggest that the advanced biotic crust possibly facilitates evaporation and dew deposition. Therefore, the development of biotic crust may potentially enhance the hydrological circulation in the upper sand layer in sandy land.     

酸性条件下红壤表面Pb反应动力学的能量特征

用自行设计的动力学装置研究了酸性条件下Pb在红壤表面的反应动力学能量特征.结果表明,酸性条件下,Pb吸附分为快反应和慢反应.用一级动力学方程拟合的Pb最大吸附量,随酸度增加显著下降,随温度升高提前达到平衡.用扩散速率常数计算的活化能(△E*)随酸度的增加而增加,Pb扩散需克服的能障加大;△H值为正,温度升高可促进Pb的扩散;AS值均为负,说明吸附反应使体系有序度增加.原液pH为4.5和5.6时,流出液的pH急剧下降;pH3.8和3.3时流入液比流出液的pH高,是由于土壤的缓冲作用和土壤表面质子化;当溶液中H+超过一定数量后,反应初期的H+消耗是快反应过程.H+对矿物的溶蚀成为速率控制步骤.     

植物耐受和解除重金属毒性研究进展

总结了植物细胞及分子水平对重金属耐性和解除其毒性的途径.植物通过避免增加细胞内敏感位点毒物浓度来解除重金属毒性.其途径主要有:一方面通过菌根化、细胞壁吸收及根系分泌物的螯合作用减少根系吸收重金属进入细胞质;另一方面通过体内调节机制解除重金属毒性和提高耐性,主要通过一系列膜蛋白对进入细胞质内的重金属排出细胞质外、隔离于液泡中,或将重金属转变为无毒性形态挥发入大气,或通过细胞质内的植物螯合素、金属硫蛋白、有机酸、氨基酸、多胺等对重金属螯合,解除重金属毒性;同时植物还可以在重金属胁迫下产生热休克蛋白修复胁迫伤害的蛋白质.本文提供了涉及植物重金属解毒和耐性广泛的观点和证据.     

铬离子对藻类生长的影响

利用自然光照条件,在不同铬离子质量浓度下,对5种藻类的生长进行了实验研究.研究结果表明:5种藻类在不同的光波长下,其吸收光谱存在两个最强的吸收区: 420～440 nm的蓝紫光部分和660 nm 的红光部分;在不同铬离子质量浓度0～20.63 mg·L-1范围内,5种藻类生长受到不同程度的抑制,其耐受性也尽不相同,经过分析和比较后得出5种藻类对铬的耐受性大小顺序为:微囊藻(Microcystis)＞水华鱼腥藻(Anabaena flos-aquae)＞细长聚球藻(Synechococcus elongatus)＞斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)＞蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidose).     

Zn2+对黄瓜发芽期生理特性的影响

锌是植物必需的营养元素,同时也是一种常见的环境有毒重金属元素.以黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)为试验材料,设置不同Zn2 处理(0、25、50、100、200、300 mg·L-1),利用发芽和出苗试验,研究了Zn2 对黄瓜发芽期生理特性的影响.结果显示,低处理(0～25 mg·L-1)对黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长有促进作用,当为25 mg·L-1时最有利于黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长,其种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、根长、下胚轴长、下胚轴粗度和相对含水量均高于对照及其他浓度处理;幼苗相对电导率、丙二醛含量、可溶性糖含量、游离脯氨酸含量、SOD活性及POD活性均在此浓度得到最低.但从50 mg·L-1开始,随着增加,黄瓜种子萌发的各项指标开始下降,幼苗生长的各项生理指标开始上升,对黄瓜种子发芽和幼苗生长产生抑制作用,并在300 mg·L-1时抑制作用得到最大.该研究为进一步研究农业生态整治与安全高效利用提供理论基础.     

北江表层沉积物中铊污染的生态风险

为了解珠江水系北江流域表层沉积物中铊的含量,并在此基础上评价珠江流域北江铊污染现状及其生态风险,该研究于2006年采集了广东省北江韶关至清远段的沉积物样品,采用混酸消解后,使用ICP-MS测定了沉积物中铊的含量,应用潜在生态危害指数对北江的铊污染和生态危害进行评价.结果表明,珠江水系北江河段沉积物已达到了较高的铊污染水平,对周围环境存在着较高的铊生态风险.北江干流沉积物中的铊质量浓度范围为0.92 ~ 2.32 mg·kg-1,平均值为1.70 mg·kg-1;各支流沉积物中铊质量浓度范围为1.02 ~ 3.22 mg·kg-1.个别采样点,特别是接近韶关冶炼厂排放口附近沉积物中铊的含量达到7.78 mg·kg-1,具有极高的铊生态风险.对于北江各支流,铊的污染程度与潜在生态风险程度由高到低的排序为马坝河>武江>浈江>滨江>龙塘河,其中马坝河沉积物铊存在高度的生态风险.     

有机酸对铬超富集植物李氏禾吸收Cu的影响

许多研究表明有机酸的施加对植物吸收重金属的量具有不同的影响.文章采用盆栽试验研究了EDTA、柠檬酸、草酸和酒石酸对土壤中Cu的活化和李氏禾(Leersia hexandra Swartz)吸收Cu的影响.结果表明,当向土壤中施加质量摩尔浓度为2 mmol·kg-1的EDTA时,土壤中Cu质量分数为220.16 mg·kg-1与空白土壤中500.31 mg·kg-1相比明显减少,说明EDTA可以极显著的降低土壤中的铜质量分数,使其转化成水提取态的Cu浮于土壤表面,并大部分聚集在根部周围,同时向土壤中施加EDTA不但促进了对Cu的活化而且显著提高了李氏禾对Cu的吸收,叶中最高质量分数达到336.54 mg·kg-1是对照中80.34 mg·kg-1的四倍;而柠檬酸、草酸和酒石酸则抑制了Cu的活化,但对李氏禾地上部分的Cu质量分数影响不大.有机酸对Cu的影响相对较弱,除EDTA显著降低了土壤中Cu质量分数外,其他有机酸对Cu的活化和李氏禾吸收Cu的影响与对照均没有明显差异.     

Photosynthesis and related metabolic mechanism of promoted rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth by TiO2 nanoparticles

• The rice growth was promoted by nano-TiO₂ of 0.1–100 mg/L. • Nano-TiO₂ enhanced the energy storage in photosynthesis. • Nano-TiO₂ reduced energy consumption in carbohydrate metabolism and TCA cycle. Titanium dioxide nanoparticle (nano-TiO₂), as an excellent UV absorbent and photo-catalyst, has been widely applied in modern industry, thus inevitably discharged into environment. We proposed that nano-TiO₂ in soil can promote crop yield through photosynthetic and metabolic disturbance, therefore, we investigated the effects of nano-TiO₂ exposure on related physiologic-biochemical properties of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Results showed that rice biomass was increased >30% at every applied dosage (0.1–100 mg/L) of nano-TiO₂. The actual photosynthetic rate (Y(II)) significantly increased by 10.0% and 17.2% in the treatments of 10 and 100 mg/L respectively, indicating an increased energy production from photosynthesis. Besides, non-photochemical quenching (Y(NPQ)) significantly decreased by 19.8%–26.0% of the control in all treatments respectively, representing a decline in heat dissipation. Detailed metabolism fingerprinting further revealed that a fortified transformation of monosaccharides (D-fructose, D-galactose, and D-talose) to disaccharides (D-cellobiose, and D-lactose) was accompanied with a weakened citric acid cycle, confirming the decrease of energy consumption in metabolism. All these results elucidated that nano-TiO₂ promoted rice growth through the upregulation of energy storage in photosynthesis and the downregulation of energy consumption in metabolism. This study provides a mechanistic understanding of the stress-response hormesis of rice after exposure to nano-TiO₂, and provides worthy information on the potential application and risk of nanomaterials in agricultural production.