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141.
Raúl E. O'Ryan 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》1996,31(3):302-313
This paper examines the applicability of market-based incentives for controlling emissions of particulate matter from fixed sources, in a developing-country context. It uses Santiago, Chile as a case study. A linear programming model has been developed to establish the costs of achieving different air quality targets using marketable permits and command-and-control (CAC) policies. The main conclusion is that an ambient permit system (APS) substantially reduces compliance costs of achieving a given air quality target at each receptor location in the city. Consequently, the use of permits is warranted. However, spatial differentiation of permits is required, thus complicating the design and use of such an instrument. Moreover, the reduction in compliance costs under APS is significantly less when the air quality targets imposed for each receptor location are the same as those achieved by other CAC policies. 相似文献
142.
Winfried Schröder Reno Furmanek Guido Bohmann Karin Berkhoff Johannes große Beilage Katja Baumann 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2004,16(1):33-42
Environmental impacts of a farm which is managed in accordance with ecological criteria is assessed. To this end the ecoaudit ordinance of the European Union 1836/93/EWG is used as guiding principle. This article focuses on methods and results of the impact assessment (chapter 2, 3) and the recommendations derived from that (chapter 4). Before that, objectives of investigation (chapter 1.1), key topics of the assessment ordinance are summarised (chapter 1.2), and finally the farm and the main fields of investigation are described (chapter 1.3). The density of complex hedge rows, as one from 21 assessment criteria, exceeds the limit of tolerance. The investigation underlines the need for further methodological harmonisation. 相似文献
143.
Surfaces of many sports fields, playgrounds and paths in Germany are covered with red slag ?Kieselrot”. Kieselrot is extremely high contaminated by polychlorinated dibenzodioxines and dibenzofurans. Mean PCDD/F-concentration in surface layers of 35 locations in Hessen is 45 500 ng I-TE/kg. PCDD/F-contents range from 1 000 to 250 ng I-TE/kg within 10 cm under surface layers and from 6 000 to 600 ng I-TE/kg in top soils of three metres wide peripheral areas. Concentration in subsoils is a function of depth (n=18, r=?0,741), concentration in topsoils of peripheral areas is a function of distance from large sports fields (n=14, r=?0,881) or small sportsfields (n=23, r=?0,742), respectively. A 15 metres wide and 10 centimetres deep peripheral area contains 0,8 g I-TE PCDD/F. The pollution of surroundings and further observations indicate that ?Kieselrot-areas” must be regarded as important dioxin sources. 相似文献
144.
Landscape-level thresholds, and newt conservation. 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Ecological thresholds are defined as points or zones at which a rapid change occurs from one ecological condition to another. The existence of thresholds in species-habitat relationships has important implications for management, but the lack of concordance across studies and the wide range of methods used make generalizations difficult. We used two different statistical methods to test for the existence of thresholds for both individual species and the whole community, using three newt species as models. Based on a sample of 371 ponds, we found significant thresholds for both landscape configuration and composition. These were for the relationships between distance to forest and occurrence of Triturus alpestris and T. helveticus, and forest and crop cover and T. helveticus. Variability in the location of thresholds observed for the different species in this study caution against their use at the community level. Future studies should be based on the identification and assessment of thresholds for targeted species. Thresholds can be a useful concept from which tools may be developed to focus conservation effort for threatened species and their habitats. 相似文献
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148.
Eeva A. Mustonen Tuija Jokela Ilkka Saastamoinen Juhani Taponen Suvi Taponen Hannu Saloniemi Kristiina Wähälä 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2006,3(4):154-159
An expedient high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the quantitative analysis of environmental estrogenic isoflavonoids, particularly (S)-equol, in red clover fed ewes. We report here the phytoestrogen analysis of red clover silage and the serum of ewes fed with this feed. Ewes received daily 10.5 g of formononetin on average from red clover silage. In the serum samples a major part of formononetin had been metabolised to equol (average 7.7 μg ml−1). According to chiral HPLC analysis, the equol present in the serum of ewes was solely of the (S)-form. We also demonstrate the presence of the metabolite O-demethylangolensin (O-DMA) in ovine serum. 相似文献
149.
András Bardossy Arne Färber Steffen Schönau Bernhard Westrich Thomas Jancke Gerhard Schmid Sven Wurms Karl Stahr Thomas Gaiser Harald Frauenknecht Thilo Streck Joachim Ingwersen Claudia Kreschnak Ulrich Kern Hilke Heppelmann Ekkehard Christoffels Ulrich Förstner Patrick Jacobs 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2006,18(1):67-69
150.
Katrin Palitzsch Sabine Göllner Kristina Lupa Jörg Matschullat Corinna Messal Kirsten Pleßow Mandy Schipek Ivonne Schnabel Christian Weller Frank Zimmermann 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2005,17(4):231-241
The trend of rising ozone concentrations in forest ecosystems and the phytotoxicity of ozone demand a realistic risk assessment according to an internationally accepted and flux-based quality standard. Ozone fluxes within the canopy are influenced by chemical gas-phase reactions with nitrogen oxide and biogenic hydrocarbons and by surface deposition processes. Therefore, a differentiation of the ozone flux within the canopy is needed between stomatal uptake and other transport pathways. The Eddy Covariance technique is the method of choice for the determination of trace gas fluxes relevant for ozone chemistry. This method is also used for stomatal conductance measurements based on evapotranspiration fluxes and for emission measurements of biogenic hydrocarbons by PTR-MS. Although considerably research efforts were directed to canopy measurements in recent years, the underlying processes are not fully understood yet. Thus, major differences occur in the ratios of stomatal ozone uptake, non-stomatal deposition and gas-phase chemistry between different studies. Furthermore, the vertical concentration gradients within the canopy measured at several forest sites are rather inconsistent and the existing deposition models do rarely account for chemical transformation and detoxification processes. Only a simultaneous measurement of all photochemically relevant trace gases, plant physiological parameters at different sites and forest species over entire vegetation periods, and model parameterization according to the measurement results from the experimental sites will contribute to the clarification of the canopy processes and will ensure realistic risk assessments. 相似文献