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151.
Distribution of deep-water gorgonian corals in relation to benthic habitat features in the Northeast Channel (Atlantic Canada) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The distribution and abundance of deep-water gorgonian corals were investigated along 52 transects at 183–498 m depth in the Northeast Channel, between Georges Bank and Browns Bank in the northwest Atlantic, using a remotely operated vehicle and a towed video-camera system. Three species (Paragorgia arborea, Primnoa resedaeformis, and Acanthogorgia armata) were observed. Primnoa occurred on 35 transects below 196 m depth, with highest local abundance in stands of 104 colonies per 100 m2. Paragorgia was present on 21 transects deeper than 235 m, with highest local abundance of 49 colonies per 100 m2. Acanthogorgia was observed at only four transects between 231 m and 364 m, with a local maximum abundance of 199 colonies per 100 m2. The maximum abundance averaged for whole transects was 19.2 and 6.2 colonies per 100 m2 for Primnoa and Paragorgia, respectively. The corals were more common in the outer part of the channel along the shelf break and slope than on the shelf in the inner part. All three species showed a patchy distribution with no signs of competitive exclusion at any spatial scale. Transects with high abundance of corals were characterised by depths greater than 400 m, maximum temperatures less than 9.2°C, and a relatively high percentage coverage of cobble and boulder (more than 19% and 6%, respectively). High temperatures probably control the upper depth limit of the corals, and Primnoa seems to tolerate slightly higher temperatures than Paragorgia. Abundance of both species was negatively correlated with average temperature and positively with cobbles. Together, temperature, percentage cobble and salinity accounted for 38% of the variance of Primnoa. The comparable figure for Paragorgia was 15%. The observed distribution indicated that the abundance of coral is controlled by additional factors such as larger-scaled topographic features governing the current regimes and thus also the supply of food and larvae.Communicated by R. J. Thompson, St. Johns 相似文献
152.
Defining patch mosaic functional types to predict invasion patterns in a forest landscape. 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Olivier Chabrerie Frédéric Roulier Hélène Hoeblich Emmanuelle Sebert-Cuvillier Déborah Closset-Kopp Isabelle Leblanc Jér?me Jaminon Guillaume Decocq 《Ecological applications》2007,17(2):464-481
Alien plant invasions contribute significantly to global changes by often affecting biodiversity and ecosystem processes. Operational methods for identifying landscape attributes that promote or constrain plant invasions are urgently needed to predict their future spread and manage them efficiently. We combined landscape and functional ecology concepts to define patch mosaic functional types (PMFTs) as groups of cells showing the same response to a plant invasion in a heterogeneous forest landscape. The invasion of a European temperate forest by the American black cherry (Prunus serotina) has been chosen as a case study. A set of variables was collected, mapped using a Geographic Information System, and analyzed with multivariate analyses to correlate landscape traits with Prunus serotina abundance in each cell of a grid overlaid on the forest. A risk index was derived and mapped for three invasion levels: seedling colonization, tree establishment, and ecosystem invasion. Five PMFTs were identified and characterized by a set of traits related to soil properties, land use, disturbance, and invasion history. Scots pine plantations on podzols were the most invasible, while cells dominated by hydromorphic or calcareous soils were the most resistant. Most colonized patch mosaics provided suitable conditions for future establishment and invasion. Being strongly spatially connected, suitable patches provide corridors for Prunus serotina to colonize new parts of the forest. Conversely, the most resistant PMFTs were spatially agglomerated in the south of the forest and could act as a barrier. Colonization, establishment, and invasion risk maps were finally obtained by combining partial risks associated with each landscape trait at the cell scale. Within a heterogeneous landscape, we defined and organized PMFTs into a hierarchy, according to their associated risk for colonization, establishment, or invasion by a given invasive species. Each hierarchical level should be associated with a management strategy aiming at reducing one or more partial risk. Monitoring safe areas, extending cutting rotations, harvesting recently colonized stands tree by tree, promoting a multilayered understory vegetation, cutting down reproducing alien trees, favoring shade-tolerant, fast-growing, native tree species, removing alien trees at the leading edge, and proposing soil enrichment or irrigation in heavily invaded areas are recommended. 相似文献
153.
Ludwig Weißflog Wolfgang Rolle Klaus-Dieter Wenzel Ralph Kühne Gerrit Schüürmann 《Environmental Sciences Europe》1994,6(3):135-138
The deposition of heavy metals bound to air dust and their ecological effects depend, to a large degree, on particle size, which influences the transport processes in the environment. To estimate the size range of the particles mainly taken up by the pine needles, concentration gradients along a sector leeward of Leipzig were modelled according toGauss plume calculations. The results show that the aerodynamic size is between 1 and 10 μm. Particles of this size range can be taken up by lungs and, thus, have a particular toxicological relevance. 相似文献
154.
155.
Summary. Geographic variations in the correspondence between diaspore phenotypes and disperser behavior are thought to determine the
evolution of plant-animal dispersal mutualisms. Helleborus foetidus is a widely distributed plant in Western Europe, which seeds bear a lipid rich elaiosome attracting ant dispersers. Laboratory
cross-tests were conducted to check the correspondence between diaspore phenotypes and ant preference in two localities of
the Iberian Peninsula, Caurel and Cazorla, separated by 750 km. Diaspores from Caurel were systematically preferred to those
from Cazorla by Formica lugubris (the major disperser at Caurel), and Aphaenogatser iberica and Camponotus cruentatus (both major dispersers at Cazorla). Further bioassays conducted on A. iberica only showed that differences in elaiosome traits were sufficient to explain ant preference. Separation of the lipid fractions
composing the elaiosome revealed that triglycerides, diglycerides and free fatty acids were all dominated by oleic acid. The
elaiosomes from Caurel contained relatively more free oleic acid but were less concentrated in linoleyl-containing triglycerides,
free palmitic acid and free linoleic acid than those from Cazorla. The three lipid fractions were attractive to ants but dummies
soaked with the free fatty acids extracted from Caurel were preferred to those from Cazorla. Taken together, these results
reinforce the idea that oleic acid is a major releaser of seed collection by ants and suggest that geographic variations in
free fatty acid composition affect the probability of diaspore removal by ants which in turn potentially determine plant demography. 相似文献
156.
Raphaël Jeanson Jennifer H. Fewell Root Gorelick Susan M. Bertram 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,62(2):289-298
Empirical evidence suggests that division of labor in insect societies is positively related to group size both within and
across taxa. Response threshold models (RTM) have been commonly used to analyze patterns of division of labor. However, these
models have been explored empirically and theoretically for only a limited number of tasks, and few studies have examined
predictions of the model as colony size and work availability change. We theoretically examine how group size influences division
of labor using a fixed response-threshold model. We simultaneously explore how expected by-products of increased colony size,
including demand (total work need relative to total work force available) and task number, affect this relationship. Our results
indicate that both low demand and high task number positively influence division of labor. We suggest that these changes parallel
what is observed within social groups as their size increases, and that, in part, the commonly observed increased division
of labor with increasing group size is emergent. 相似文献
157.
Using a meta-analysis approach we re-analysed orientation cage experiments with displaced migrants found in the literature.
A rather large proportion of the orientation experiments showed directional shifts after displacements, indicating ability
for birds to detect and react on such displacements. There was a clear difference between overcast and experiments where birds
had a view of the starry sky. In experiments under a starry sky, the birds compensated the displacements, whilst under overcast
unaltered or reverse orientations were generally displayed. This indicates a role for the stars to be involved in detection
of the changes in position. Such a role of celestial cues is further stressed by the results of several studies manipulating
a planetarium sky.
Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users. 相似文献
158.
An architectural model of spring wheat: Evaluation of the effects of population density and shading on model parameterization and performance 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Jochem B. Evers Jan Vos Christian Fournier Bruno Andrieu Michaël Chelle Paul C. Struik 《Ecological modelling》2007,200(3-4):308-320
ADELwheat is an architectural model that describes development of wheat in 3D. This paper analyzes the robustness of the parameterization of ADELwheat for spring wheat cultivars in relation to plant population density and shading. The model was evaluated using data from two spring wheat experiments with three plant population densities and two light regimes. Model validation was done at two levels of aggregation: (a) by comparing parameterization functions used as well as parameter values to the data (leaf and tiller appearance, leaf number, blade dimensions, sheath length, internode length) and (b) by comparing ground cover (GC) and leaf area index (LAI) of simulated virtual wheat plots with GC and LAI calculated from data. A sensitivity analysis was performed by modulating parameters defining leaf blade dimensions and leaf or tiller appearance rate.In contrast to population density, shading generally increased phyllochron and delayed tiller appearance. Both at the level of the organ and at the level of the canopy the model performed satisfactorily. Parameterization functions in the model that had been established previously applied to independent data for different conditions; GC and LAI were simulated adequately at three population densities. Sensitivity analysis revealed that calibration of phyllochron and blade area needs to be accurate to prevent disproportional deviations in output.The robustness of the model parameterization and the simulation performance confirmed that the model is a complete architectural model for aboveground development of spring wheat. It can be used in studies that require simulation of spring wheat structure, such as studies on plant–insect interaction, remote sensing, and light interception. 相似文献
159.
Intensive and incessant arms races between a parasite and its host are generally expected to lead to parasite specialization. Nevertheless, some parasitic species still successfully attack wide spectra of hosts. One of the solutions to the evolutionary enigma of the long-term existence of generalist parasites is their specialization at an individual level, a phenomenon well known, e.g., in European common cuckoo. Over its range, it parasitizes a number of bird species; however, individual females are mostly specialists possessing adaptations to a particular host species. In this study, we test the possibility of individual specialization in generalist cuckoo bees, the insect counterparts of avian cuckoos. Females of cuckoo bees lay each egg into a single brood cell in the nests of other bee species. The host’s offspring is destroyed by the parasitic female or later by her larvae, which feed on pollen supplies accumulated by the host. Both studied cleptoparasitic bees (Sphecodes ephippius and Sphecodes monilicornis) are widely distributed in Europe, where they have been reported to use broad host spectra. We recorded several host species (including some previously unknown) for both cuckoo bee species, and confirmed that these parasites are indeed generalist even at a small local scale. However, we demonstrate that exactly as in the avian cuckoos, each female in both species of generalist bee parasites tends to attack just one host species. 相似文献
160.
The drastic loss of seminatural grasslands and the decrease in species diversity in Europe during the 20th century are closely linked to social-economic factors. Development in agricultural production drives land-use changes, and thus controls the capacity of landscapes to maintain biodiversity. In this study, we link agricultural production changes to landscape fragmentation and species diversity. Our results show that the termination of grazing on seminatural grassland caused significant changes in landscape structure and a decline in the number of vascular plant species. The decline of grazed grasslands has been driven mainly by farm-level economic efficiency and profitability interests, which have been connected with agricultural policy measures. Since 1995, when Finland joined the European Union, the area of grazed patches in our study area has again increased as a result of a support scheme for the management of seminatural grasslands. 相似文献